The Roaring 20 s Era Of Growth And Reform - 1309 Words

The era of the 1920s, also known as the Roaring 20’s, was a revolutionary time in which radical changes struck the American nation, drastically increasing advances in society and economy. New and different forms of dance, music, clothing, behavior, and lifestyle were developed nationwide. The Antebellum Period in the late 1700s increased rebellion, similar to the Roaring 20’s era of growth and reform. As this time period brought profound changes, conflict, cultural excitement, and experimentation, the population of America was experiencing an alteration in social values. The American pride, similar to the pride we had when separating from the British, was still alive as independence and freedom was strongly rebelled for. The Roaring 20’s depicted the growing independence of the American public as the promised result of cultural excitement with the usage of alcohol, experimentation with labor strikes, conflict over ones rights, and change in the prosperity of the nation, was much linked to and differed from the Temperance movement, Labor movement, Suffrage movement, and the Industrial Revolution. As lavish parties with flapper girls, jazz music, suited-up men, cigars, and alcohol were thrown during the era, cultural excitement was at its peak. The 1920’s was a highlighted era in which drinking was a social trend. Both, men and women drank in parties as they danced the night away. Liquor was handed out often and was the center of excitement. There were numerous clubs and partyShow MoreRelatedAre The Rich Taxed Enough?1264 Words   |  6 Pages201 they are taxed at the max of $119,996.25 plus the 39% for every cent after that. Leading back to â€Å"Is this enough?† Now consider the fact that the richest 1% make 20%. Though 11.1% of all U.S. citizens will reach and maintain life in the top percent for at least one year. As well as 70% of citizens will reach and live in the top 20% for at least one year. Knowing that most citizens will reach the top tier of the wealthiest families in the nation at some point of their lives, should one considerRead MoreThe Discovery Of Insulin And Penicillin And The Development Of The U.s. Health Care System1745 Words   |  7 PagesWhen most people think of America in the 1920s, the thing that comes to mind is the phrase ‘Roaring Twenties’ accompanied by the thought of flappers and Gatsby. In fact, if a person were to Google images of ‘the Roaring Twenties,’ there is a very little variation in results. Many people do not know that the 1920s was more than an age of economic prosperity and defying prohibition; it was also a time of great advances in health care and medicine in the United States. The discovery of insulin and penicillinRead MoreVanity Vs. Morality : From Victorian England2183 Words   |  9 PagesVanity vs. Morality: From Victorian England to America’s Roaring ‘20s Love is the driving force behind many decisions made, but in previous times wealth was the driving force behind the concept of marriage. Emily Bronte discusses the power money has over individuals in her romantic/gothic novel Wuthering Heights, which is paralleled by Baz Luhrman’s 2013 recreation of the film The Great Gatsby. During the industrial revolution, Bronte depicts the story of a poor orphan who falls in love with aRead MoreA SELECTION OF PAST AP U.S. FREE RESPONSE QUESTIONS:3529 Words   |  15 Pagesto 1700. (98) 7. Analyze the cultural and economic responses of TWO of the following groups to the Indians of North America before 1750. British French Spanish (2000) 8. How did economic, geographic, and social factors encourage the growth of slavery as an important part of the economy of the southern colonies between 1607 and 1775? (2001) 9. Compare the ways in which religion shaped the development of colonial society (to 1740) in TWO of the following regions: New England Read MoreThe Financial Crisis Of 20081817 Words   |  8 PagesThe financial crisis of 2008 did not arise by chance. The meltdown was precipitated by systematic striping away of the New Deal era policies of bank regulation. Most notable of these deregulatory acts was that of the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act of 1999. This bill repealed the legislation which held commercial banks and investment banks separate. As the beginning of the 21 century approached many bankers clamored for an end to the policy of the â€Å"firewall† between Investment and commercial banks. Gramm-Leach-BlileyRead MoreOur Cultural Fascination With The Undead1756 Words   |  8 Pagesconcerned with natural law and justice, political and religious tolerance, human rights and freedom, inequality, as well as legal reform, it gave many people the sense of a bright, positive future. The biggest focus was on the possibility and desirability of human progress and perfectibility through reason and knowle dge. (Mokyr, 2007.) The age of The Enlightenment gave way to the era of the Industrial Revolution, which was characterized by major changes in agriculture, textile and metal manufacture, economicRead MoreAmerican Revolution and Study Guide Essay example5377 Words   |  22 Pages(16points) 2. Why did the Quebec Act (1774)create such a â€Å"stir† in the English colonies of America? (6points) 3. Compare and contrast the advantages and disadvantages of the British and the colonists, respectively, as the American Revolutionary War began? (20 points) 4. To what extent did â€Å"No taxation without representation† become a major source of controversy between the colonists and Parliament? (Hint: refer to the Stamp Act riots-1765, â€Å"virtual representation) 10 points Vocabulary: John Hancock Read MoreUnions Labor Unions And The Future Of The Union5772 Words   |  24 Pagesincreasingly frequent claims by publicists of the day that the new economic conditions were simply due to abstract and neutral economic laws, which of course became a familiar refrain for employers and all those social scientists who think that it s all about free markets and not at all about power (Lambert 2005). The National Labor Union was created in 1866 to convince Congress to limit the workday for federal employees to eight hours, but the private sector was much harder for unions to penetrateRead MoreEconomics is a Part of History2129 Words   |  9 Pagesthe Great Depression began, amongst other reasons, due to the Wall Street Crash of 1929. The Wall Street Crash began in the late October of 1929. It was the most destructive stock market crash in the United States. It began with a time called the Roaring Twenties, the years that came after World War I and pretty much caused the crash. It was a time where many Americans migrated into cities with hopes of fulfilling the American Dream of starting a new and becoming wealthy (AE Television Networks)Read MoreAmerican History Eoc Study Guide5327 Words   |  22 PagesJews, and Orthodoxies. Old immigrants came from North and West European countries like England and Ireland a while before the New Immigrants came. They were white, English spea king Protestants. 8) Child Labor Laws: These laws were a Progressive Reform. They tried to curb child labor and promote children getting an education instead of working. Established the Federal Children’s Bureau. 9) Jane Addams: She founded the first settlement house in Chicago called the Hull House in 1889. A settlement

The Importance of Marriage Free Essays

Running head: MARRIAGE AS AN INSTITUTION The Importance of Marriage Ana Vertz PS301 Mrs. Kathy Erickson August 30, 2009 The Importance of Marriage From Colonial times to present marriage has been an integral part of American culture. The importance is has been evident in that it is one of the few institutions that started with the country and is still very popular. We will write a custom essay sample on The Importance of Marriage or any similar topic only for you Order Now What makes marriage an important institution? This paper will discuss the perceptions of the importance of marriage for men and women, children’s influence in the marriage relationship, the links between psychological distress and martial conflict, attitude towards same sex marriages and the effects of cohabitation and marriage commitment. The first section of this paper examines the importance of marriage from male and female perspectives. Research from the National Survey of Families and Households suggested the following trends: Men and women both feel that marriage is more important to men; women view marriage as optional for both men and women for having a satisfying life; women are more likely to think that men cannot have a satisfying life without marriage; youthful and more educated individuals are less likely to put emphasis on marriage; religious individuals and those married who have children predominantly more inclined to think that men nor women can have fulfilling lives without the institution of marriage. Research from the National Survey listed above also suggests that men get a greater benefit from marriage than do women as stated below from a study conducted on whether or not men need a spouse and the importance of marriage. In the article entitled â€Å"Do Men â€Å"Need† a Spouse more than Women? : Perceptions of The Importance of Marriage for Men and Women† the authors state: â€Å"As Nock (1998:3) states, â€Å"Men reap greater gains than women for virtually every outcome affected by marriage. Research results showing the greater benefit of marriage for men than for women on many dimensions, particularly physical and mental health (Bernard 1972; Grove 1973; Waite and Gallagher 2000), together with research has shown that women provide â€Å"kin-keeping† benefits to men by strengthening their relationships with their children and other relatives (Cooney and Uhlenberg 1990; Rossi and Rossi 1990), have led many to argue that it is men who â€Å"need† marriage more than women. This view is particularly prevalent among theorists of family who focus on its economic dimensions. By implication, they posit marriage to be a â€Å"normal good† for men but an â€Å"inferior good† for women when they argue that increased earnings lead men to â€Å"buy onto† family roles (Becker 1991; Cherlin 1992) while women use theirs to â€Å"buy out† of marriage (Espenshade 1985; Westoff 1986). † In many ways this research supports the fact that marriage meets the need of a man better than that of a woman. Next we will look at research conducted from the female perspective. An excerpt from the same article states: â€Å"The growth of female labor force participation that accelerated in the 1960’s (Goldin 1990), however, appeared to many observers to undermine what were by then conventional reasons for women to marry (Westoff 1986). As a result, women were thought to be questioning the desirability of a domestic life (Friedan 1962) and coming to believe that â€Å"women’s marriage† was less desirable than â€Å"men’s marriage† (Bernard 1972). Feminist theory has reinforced the notion that women and men face very different experiences in the family life and hence have different experiences in family life and hence have different interest’s vis-a-vis family roles, which are said to favor men (Ferree 1990). The benefits of simply â€Å"trading† housework for men’s wages (the basis for the economic argument) have declined, given the longer-term costs in terms of career development and the higher risks imposed by the increase in divorce (Thomson and Walker 1995), and the fact that wives’ expected role has added employment to their traditional household tasks (Hochschild 1989; DeVault 1990). Hence, modern women may have had more reason than men to reevaluate what they might gain from marriage. These speculations are at least partially reinforced by some research that does suggest men expect to benefit more from marriage than do women. The analyses of shifting attitudes make it plausible that men place more importance on marriage than women. While most people believe that the married are happier than those who are not married, this belief is more likely to be held by men than women (Axinn nd Thornton 2000). Indeed, women are more likely to disagree than men that it is better to be married than single (Thornton and Young-DeMArco 2001). These gender differences suggest that women, at least, are less sure that marriage is important, and they are likely to be thinking more about their own situation as women than about men’s. Therefore, we expect that in the 1990’s, men and women will see marriage as more necessary for men than women. These considerations, together with the paucity of research that addresses the question of who needs to be married more, men or women, motivate our research (Kaufman and Goldscheider, 2007). The above referenced article shows evidence that the more learned put off marriage, have less children and view family roles as less important. (This is based in relation to expectations to themselves and their children living in early adulthood). Spiritual or religious associations have also been connected across a vast array of family domains with grater support for the family. These religious cultures encourage marriage, martial stability, especially non-approval of non-martial child bearing, and encouragement for traditional descriptions of marriage. In looking at the importance of marriage from the viewpoint of male and female research conducted for this paper suggest that men and women view marriage as more important to men than women. (Kaufman and Goldscheider, 2007) Children’s Influence in the Marriage Relationship In the article â€Å"Children’s Influence in the Marriage Relationship† the research shows that there are reciprocal effects between children and marriage. The emotional security theory suggests that exposure to martial conflicts improves children’s negative emotions, resulting in emotional insecurity. This emotional insecurity promotes children’s impulses to go between, run away from or in other forms lessens the occurrence of martial discord. (Schermerhorn, Cummings, Mark, DeCarlo, Davies, Patrick, 2007) The article goes on to state: â€Å"Attempts to reduce exposure to discord indicate that the goal of preserving emotional security us activated, serving as a mechanism by which children maintain or achieve emotional security. The first two aims of the present article are to investigate reciprocity between the child and the martial system, including examination of both the influence of martial conflict on the child and child behavioral responses that influence martial functioning. † (Schermerhorn, Cummings, Mark, DeCarlo, Davies, Patrick, 2007) From the research we can see that children are more likely to be negatively impacted by martial discord. Many times the child resorts to mediation to help fix the problems. Overall the findings of my research showed that children engage in behaviors to by some means reduce discord between parents. This in return reduces the child’s exposure family threats. Another behavioral response is Behavioral dysregulation (i. e. , acts of verbal or physical aggression, misbehavior, or hurting oneself). Clinic literature indicates that discord in marriages corresponds to children’s behavior problems including aggressive behavior. Some have suggested that this behavior may show a taking on of the marriages problem to them self in demonstrating agentic behavior. This, from the child’s perspective, would distract parents from marital difficulties giving the child’s negative behavior a purpose to reduce martial discord over time. Schermerhorn, Cummings, Mark, DeCarlo, Davies, Patrick, 2007) The study also showed the effects on psychological adjustment. An excerpt from the article states: â€Å"The third aim of this study is to examine relations between children’s behavioral responses to martial discord and their adjustment. In one of the few studies examini ng this link, Patenaude (2000) found that for girls who believed they could control interparental conflict by engaging in parent-protecting behaviors, higher martial conflict was associated with better adjustment. In contrast, for boys believing in a parentified role in the martial relationship, higher martial conflict was associated with more internalized sysmptoms, albeit non-significantly. † (Schermerhorn, Cummings, Mark, DeCarlo, Davies, Patrick, 2007) The research I conducted on children next suggests that when children react in a proactive nature to interparental discord by attempting to mediate, conflict in fact decrease over time. Even though negative behavior is a form of insecurity concerning the marriage relationship, the present study suggests that children’s usage of negative attitudes and behavior as a constructive coping strategy can actually provide help towards reducing marital discord. In contrast to proactive behavior, children’s negative behavior was linked with more destructive interparental relations over a period of time. It is likely that these behaviors by children don’t take their parents attention away from the marital discord but actually contribute to it by increasing conflict. However the method of the child’s associates is unsure. The outcome of a child’s behavior may be best understood by looking at each situation. For example, parents who are able to see that the child is trying to help may be more inclined to decrease conflict. It’s not that the child solves the parent’s dilemma, but that the child’s actions allow the parent to see the child’s suffering and discomfort. This may guide parent’s ability to solve problems than the child’s ability to constructively cope with the situation. It is not suggested that children should become actively engaged in marital discord because there are findings that show children’s helping behavior can contribute to children’s depression. (Schermerhorn, Cummings, Mark, DeCarlo, Davies, Patrick, 2007) We will next discuss psychological distress and martial conflict in the home. References Avery, A. , Chase, J. , Johansson, L. (2007). America’s changing attitudes towards homosexuality, civil unions, and same-gender marriage: 1977-2004. Social Work, 52(1), 71-79. Fowers, B. , Lyons, E. , Montel, K. , Shaked, N. (2001, March). Positive illusions about marriage among married and single individuals. Journal of Family Psychology, 15(1), 95-109. Retrieved September 01, 2009, doi:10. 1037/0893-3200. 15. 1. 95 Kaufman, G. , Goldscheider, F. (2007). Do men ‘need’ a spouse more than women? : Perceptions of the importance of marriage for men and women. Sociological Quarterly, 48(1), 29-46. Papp, L. M. , Goeke-Morey, M. C. , Cummings, M. E. (2007). Linkages between spouses’ psychological distress and marital conflict in the home. Journal of Family Psychology, 21(3), 533-537. Rhoades, G. K. , Stanley, S. M. , Markman, H. J. (2006). Pre-engagement Cohabitation and Gender Asymmetry in Marital Commitment. Journal of Family Psychology, 20(4), 553-560. Schermerhorn, A. C. , Cummings, M. E. , DeCarlo, C. A. (2007). Children’s influence in the marital relationship. Journal of Family Psychology, 21(2), 259-269. Stolz, L. (1941, October). Review of Family BehaviorModern Marriage, and Modern Marriage. The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 36(4), 608-610. Retrieved September 01, 2009, doi:10. 1037/h0052788 Neubeck, G. (1959, Sum). Review of Why Marriages Go Wrong. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 6(2), 168-169. Retrieved September 01, 2009, doi:10. 1037/h0039159 How to cite The Importance of Marriage, Papers

Personnel Management at Datapool Pte Ltd

Question: Discuss about thePersonnel Management at Datapool Pte Ltd. Answer: Introduction DP Information Group is a company that managing business and credit information bureau. Datapool (S) Pte Ltd is part of DP Information Group, which is expertise in the field credit management and debt collection (dpgroup.com). Datapool has abundant experience of recover corporate and consumer debts and manage account receivable for financial institutions, telecommunication service providers and many others industry. Datapool provide the arrangement of cash management and consultancy services like overseas debt collection, legal consultancy, field visit and collection expertise, and also negative list posting to DP SME Commercial Credit Bureau. This paper presents a job analysis, recruitment and selection plan for the company for the post of credit collection officer. Job Analysis HR manager is responsible for ensuring that proper human resource demand and supply is managed within organization, without any oversupply or under supply for workforce. Job analysis is the first step to evaluate job requirements, this process involves analysis of various responsibilities, skills, and task required to complete assigned job. According to Cultural Human Resource Council (2009) job analysis is a strategic tool used by personnel manager to gather, synthesize and implement the information available regarding the workforce in the concern (Cultural Human Resource Council, 2009). Job analysis facilitate HR manager in understanding crucial activities and contributions required from the position, help in deciding organizational structure, autonomy, evaluating employee performance and career planning. Two primary outcome of job analysis include job description and job specification(Collingsa Sculliona, 2009). Job Description As stated by Collingsa Sculliona, (2009) job description can be defined as descriptive factual statement that includes contents of the job including duties and responsibilities associated with it. This document facilitate in establishing relation between employee, subordinates and supervisors to monitor their work performances (Collingsa Sculliona, 2009). Below is the job description for debt collection officer in Datapool Pte Ltd. Task To collect debt from various debtors To call for negotiation Managing records Duties Making payment plans Collecting payment Organizing customer files Chasing debtors, negotiating Recording payment received Responsibilities A debt collection officer will be responsible for all debt collection activities Responsible for managing activity through for call, home visits etc. Responsible for coordinating, negotiating, managing, administrating, and monitoring the entire debt recovery process Debt collection officer also need to drive the corporate activity to achieve debt collection target Responsible for documenting and recording information regarding amount collection in IT system immediately for all the collection activity undertaken everyday Will be responsible for resolving conflicts, negotiating, managing complaints, resolving disputes, grievances etc. How JA will be done Job analysis interview is a method that helps in collecting information from incumbents at the position to describe the task, duties and responsibilities of the position planned. To understand the requirements for job analysis interview technique will be used. Interview from top level manager and one person from the same post will be taken. Top management will be able to help in understanding their job expectations from the decided job positing, further person at the same post will help in understanding duties that one needs to execute at the specified job designation. Interview technique help in collecting detailed information regarding duties and responsibilities, whereas observation and other techniques are based on judgment but this technique helps in getting hands on true information regarding job expectations. Job Specification It can be defined as detailed analysis on qualities required performing the task successfully. It includes information on personal, physical, mental, psychological, social characteristics(Ivancevich, 2007). This information helps in conducting preliminary screening during employee selection process. Job specification for selected job category is discussed below; In terms of qualification candidate must possess at least a GCE N level Need to have good interpersonal and communication skill to deal with debtors with persistence Ability to communicate in English / mandarin / Malay languages Job skills required candidate to have strong listening skills to deal with people in dent and collection process; it also require effective negotiation skills to resolve disputes and payment settlement. Need to have strong computer skills and knowledge Employees at this post need to possess skills such as self-motivated, pro-active, enthusiastic, initiative, mature and target driven Job Design Job design is the process used to integrate job requirements, employee skills, rewards and organizational goal in a specific job. It facilitate in understanding key elements associated with job success. There are three style of job design, it includes scientific method, that involve time, motion and fatigue study, aims to standardize task to ensure maximum output in minimum time and cost (Schuler Jackson, 2008). Second is motivational job design that help in enhancing difficulty, reducing standardization by adding skill variety, task identity and significance to the job that help in enhancing psychological satisfaction from the job. Third is mechanism job design that is planned according to task complexity and number. Job design helps in better employee motivation, productivity and retention (Buller McEvoy, 2012). Design for Efficiency It aims to increase task simplification, enrichment and enlargement to ensure high productivity in less time without making employee fatigue. It aims to include industrial engineering principles to structure work in simplest manner to maximize efficiency. For this position, credit control officer is provided full autonomy and power to execute the process of data collection, power to take decisions and make strategies will help in fast data collection process. Design for Motivation Different techniques used for designing motivation among employees include job enrichment, job enlargement, flexi working hours and team work. For this job profile job enlargement is done by adding wide range of job activities to be done by credit collection officer. Employee at this position will be responsible for call debtors, negotiating, planning, visiting for debt collection, recording details, coordinating with supervisor. This task includes a complete process to be done by collection officer. Apart from this, five factors that impact motivational level among employee include skill variety, this job require different skills for accomplishing different tasks; there is presence of complete task identity, huge significance is made by credit collection officer by settling dues to both company and society; there is high degree of autonomy and decision making power given at this position. This job includes coordination with subordinates and other team members(Armstrong, 2008). Design for Mental Capital Different strategies that can be used to simplify total demand for mental capabilities include limiting the amount of information that needs to memorize by adding proper software and IT system that store all data; providing adequate lighting facility. Proper training will be given to employees to understand the job completely, use of computers; data management softwares to filter the information received (Choo Bowley, 2007). Recruitment After deciding on the job demand in the organization, the HR department is responsible for attracting potential candidates for the position. Recruitment is the process that involves various strategies, activities undertaken by organization to attract applications from potential employees for the job. According to Raymond J. Stone (2005) recruitment involves seeking and attracting pool of applicants from candidates who are potential to get selected by the organization for their vacancy. It aims to search potential talent and stimulate them to apply for the job to ensure that organization hire best available talent in the market (Stone, 2005). Various factors impact recruitment process, it includes external and internal factors. Labor market have strong impact on employee availability, in case of high unemployment, there is abundance of labor supply and easy to recruit candidates, where as in Singapore unemployment is very low, therefore organization have to advertise extensively to attract talent pool. Internal factor include organizational policy, availability of internal talent to fill position, its attractiveness. Datapool is a renowned organization in Singapore, it is a subsidiary of the most prominent credit rating company, and therefore strong brand image helps in attracting talent. First step is recruitment planning that involve demand analysis by analyzing number of positions need to be fill and type of applicant required through job analysis. Second step is strategy development that includes different decisions regarding technological sophistication, geographical reach, sources of recruitment etc. Third step is searching through source activation or selling(Brown, 2011). Applications can be attracted using various strategies, internal methods such as selecting from present employee, employee referral, previous applications; it is a cot effective method. External recruitment process include using trade associations for attracting application, advertisements on newspaper, company website, social media, job sites etc. campus recruitment, walk-ins, hiring through third party, consultant, contractors, employee exchange programs etc. Recruitment strategies that will be used for hiring credit control officer in Datapool are as follow; Internal Referral Present employees of the company can really aid the recruitment process by recommending suitable candidates for the position. According to research, internal referral candidates are of high quality as internal employee generally doesnt recommend candidates who cannot perform well. HR can also reward employees for helping company in hiring efficient workforce. In this process, present employees act as an introducer of the company to potential candidate, inform them about job and organizational advantages and requirements (Ivancevich, 2007). Job Vacancy Post on Jobstreet / Jobsdb E-recruitment strategy is a widely use method as it facilitates in recruiting from global market, various geographies in less time and cost. Job portals help in attracting potential talent through advertisements; they also offer additional services of job screening. External recruitment strategy used by Datapool is to advertise their job vacancy on two renowned job searching websites, Jobstreet.com and jobsdb.com; these two online job portals are among largest online employment companies, with huge data. These sites help in attracting talent from different geographical markets such as Malaysia, Singapore, Philippines, Indonesia and Vietnam. Selection Selection is the process of selecting right candidate for the job vacancy from pool of applicants received by the company. It can be defined as the process used to differentiate between various candidates to select the best suitable candidate with highest possibility of success in the job role. Selection process starts with preliminary interview and end with agreement of employment(Nankervis, Compton, Baird, 2008). Stages of Selection Screening Prior to selection screening is conducted by organizations, screening involves segregation of various applications received and dividing them according to minimum criteria required to appear in the interview. These criteria might include minimum education level, work experience, or any other knowledge or skill(Nankervis, Compton, Baird, 2008). Selection process Preliminary Interview First step of selection process is to verify the information provided by applicants, it is done over the phone. Over a telephonic conversation, crucial information regarding candidate qualification, work experiences are collected, reviewed and evaluated. Here a brief information about the company is also provided, it help in eliminating the misfit candidates, which help in saving interview time and cost to the company. Selection Test Different types of tests are designed by the organization to evaluate technical, theoretical, skills and psychological potential of candidate. It facilitate in understanding their ability, aptitude and personality. It can also be defined as a standardized method used to evaluate all candidates on common ground. These test help in selecting candidates who fit to the job requirements, possess key skills required to execute the task (Mathis Jackson, 2002). Personality tests which help in measuring employee motivation in given working environment, different test include the Thematic Apperception Test, California Psychological Inventory etc.; however personality test needs to be combine with other ability test to get valid results. This job also require aptitude test as it helps in gauging technical knowledge of the candidate, it will evaluate accounting knowledge, debt management system etc. by candidates. Different tools that can be used for result analysis include predictive validity, ranking, average test score etc. Interview After clearing the test, candidates are called for interview. It involves formal in-depth conversation between the interviewer and interviewee. It can be of various types such as one to one interview, panel interview, situational interview, structured interview, stress interview etc. This strategy help in collecting in-depth information regarding candidate, collecting additional information, it help in providing detail analysis on any factor that company would like to stress upon while employee selection. However, there are drawbacks also associated with this strategy, results are based on general opinion of the interviewer, generally it happens that different interviewer give different score to candidates (Millmore, Lewis, Saunders, Thornhill, Morrow, 2007). Reference and Background Check After selecting candidate referral check is conducted to get an insight about the applicant from people who have previous experience with them. After this selection decision is taken, to accept or reject the applicant. If selected, candidates generally need to undergo basic medical test and paper formalities. Job offer Final step is to give letter of appointment to selected candidates, it include information on date of joining, followed by singing of contract of employment. Conclusion Above stated job analysis, recruitment and selection plan will help the company in hiring best talent and assigning right job to the right candidate. Such action might take some more time at initial stage but it will ensure long term employee retention, higher productivity, efficiency, motivation to employee and finally a better return on investment. These strategies will ensure that company design an effective work plan, recruit employees in cost effective manner and conduct selection process that evaluates all required knowledge and skill among candidates. Instead of quickly hiring a candidate, it is better to analyze, evaluate and select the best. Bibliography Armstrong, M. (2008). A handbook of human resource management practice. Great Britain: Kogan Page. Brown, J. N. (2011). The Complete Guide to Recruitment: A Step-by-step Approach to Selecting Assessing and Hiring the Right People. London: Kogan Page Publishers,. Buller, P., McEvoy, G. (2012). Strategy, human resource management and performance: Sharpening line of sight. Human Resource Management Review, 22, 43-56. Choo, S., Bowley, C. (2007). Using training and development to affect job satisfaction within franchising. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 14(2), 339 - 352. Collingsa, D. G., Sculliona, H. (2009). Global staffing: a review and thematic research agenda. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 20(2). Cultural Human Resource Council. (2009). Human Resource Management . Canada: Cultural Human Resource Council. dpgroup.com. (t.thn.). About Dp. Dipetik September 23, 2016, dari 2015: https://www.dpgroup.com.sg/ Grundy, T., Brown, L. (2003). Value Based Human Resource Strategy. Burlington: Elsevier Butterworth Heinamann publishing. Ivancevich. (2007). Human Resource Management 10E . New York: Tata McGraw-Hill Education. Lundy, O., Cowling, A. (1996). Strategic human resource management. USA: Routledge. Mathis, R. L., Jackson, J. H. (2002). Human Resource Management. Mason: Cengage Learning. Millmore, M., Lewis, P., Saunders, M., Thornhill, A., Morrow, T. (2007). Strategic human resource management. Dalam M. Millmore, Strategic human resource management contemprory issues (hal. 186). Harlow: Prentice hall. Nankervis, A., Compton, R., Baird, M. (2008). Human Resource Management: Strategies and (6th ed.). Sydney: Thomson. Saari, L. M., A., J. T. (2004). Employee Attitudes and Job Satisfaction. Human Resource Management, 43(4), 395-407. Schuler, R. S., Jackson, S. E. (2008). Strategic human resource management. London : Wiley-Blackwell. Stone, R. J. (2005). Human Resource Management. London: Wiley.

Music Final Essay Example

Music Final Paper Of the following, who is a noted woman composer of the Romantic era Amy Cheney Beach Of the following, which was NOT a major theme of Romantic writers idealized heroes of Greece and Rome The favorite subjects for the Romantic poets were love, longing, and nature Of the following, which is NOT a title for Schumanns piano works Rondos Which does NOT characterize Romantic music reserved emotions What is the form of Schumanns In the lovely month of May strophic The art song can be described as representing a union of poetry and music True A German-texted song with piano accompaniment that sets a short lyric poem is called a Lied: The mood of Schumanns In the lovely month of May is joyful and exuberant False The Romantic orchestra was the same size as the Classical orchestra False The Industrial Revolution produced less expensive musical instruments but with no technical improvements False Which is true of Schuberts Erlking It is the masterpiece of his youth It is based on the legend that whoever is touched by the king of the elves must die It presents four characters who are differentiated in the music: Franz Schubert was a thoroughly Romantic composer whose music abandoned the forms and stylistic principles of Classicism False The desire for increased expressiveness in nineteenth-century music is communicated by the composer to the performer through new descriptive terms True A song that is composed from beginning to end without repetitions of whole sections is in strophic form False Exoticism was expressed through the incorporation within a composition of folk music of ones own country False A song form in which the same melody is repeated with every stanza of text is called strophic Nineteenth-century musicians continued to be viewed by society as glorified servants False Franz Schubert composed several song cycles, including Winters Journey The first movement of the Romantic concerto often omitted the orchestra exposition True Which composer is generally considered the greatest pianist and showman of the Romantic era Liszt Of which national school of composition is Dvořà ¡k a representative Czech Although a musical nationalist, Smetana avoided getting involved with the political revolution False Amy Cheney Beach was widely recognized in her lifetime as the leading American woman composer True Which does NOT characterize the scherzo from Beachs Sonata in A minor Placed third in the four-movement cycle: Nineteenth-century Russian composers have a strong tradition of utilizing folk tales as the basis of their compositions True Liszt joined Chopin in transforming the _____ from a piano exercise into a poetic mood piece à ©tude Which of the following is LEAST likely to be an example of program music String Quartet in B-flat major Dvořà ¡ks Symphony No 9 was inspired by Goethes Faust: False Nationalism found natural expression in music, among other arts True Who was the first internationally acclaimed American composer of classical music Louis Moreau Gottschalk Of the following, who did NOT write a major concerto in the Romantic era Schubert Who is the German-born conductor who set up a concert series across the United States and also established New York Citys second professional orchestra Theodore Thomas Gottschalks The Banjo is in a modified sonata form False Pianist Clara Schumann gave the first performances of her husband Roberts important works, and also became known as a leading interpreter of the music of Brahms and Chopin True The melody of the African-American Spiritual Swing Low, Sweet Chariot is suggestive of the third theme in the first movement of Dvořà ¡ks New World Symphony: The melody of Chopins Prelude in E minor moves in disjunct motion through a wide range False Berlioz was awarded the Prix de Rome, during which time he wrote his Symphonie fantastique True The most important keyboard instrument of the Romantic period was the piano: Incidental music to a play is generally considered to be absolute music False Of the following, which does NOT describe symphony composition in the Romantic era Composers wrote more symphonies than their Classical counterparts The finale to Symphonie fantastique projects a satanic character True Franz Liszt described the style of his music, along with that of Wagner and Berlioz, as the music of the future True Mendelssohn played an important role in the revival of music by which Baroque composer Bach In the nineteenth century, where did serious American musicians complete their studies in Europe The Harlem Renaissance was an early twentieth-century movement that promoted the creative efforts of African Americans True The symphony was a new genre in the Romantic era False Clara Schumanns later creative activities were supported by the devotion of which composer Brahms A piece of program music for orchestra in one movement which, through several contrasting sections, develops a poetic idea or suggests a scene or mood is called a symphonic poem: The typical Romantic symphony has four movements True Which of the following did NOT characterize salons They were generally hosted by wealthy male aristocrats: Titles such as Prelude, Impromptu, and Intermezzo are used for short, lyric piano pieces: Which best describes the style of the third movement of Brahmss Symphony No 3 a melancholic waltz Brahmss Symphony No 3is a program symphony False Chopin spent most of his productive life in Paris: Popular music has recently become a vehicle for the voice of women composers True Which movement of a symphony is traditionally the slowest the second movement The scherzo is a lively, dancelike movement in duple meter False William Grant Still was an African-American composer who sought musical inspiration from his native heritage True One of the leitmotifs from Wagners Die Walkà ¼re is the magic fire music True The habanera is a dance song of Cuban origin True Puccinis Madame Butterfly is a tragic tale of a Japanese geisha and a U: S: naval officer: Which description best characterizes a part song a short, secular song for three or four voice parts Brahmss German Requiem was intended for performance in the Catholic Church False The focal point of Wagnerian music drama is the voice False Impressionist music is often characterized as a reaction to all of the above: Ravels art reflects the twin goals of Impressionism and Neoclassicism True Which of the following was NOT characteristic of Impressionist music accents on the first beat of each measure Which of the following statements is NOT true about Romantic choral music Only professional singers participated in nineteenth-century choruses Which of the following countries was NOT a leading opera center in the nineteenth century England Tchaikovskys Nutcracker is based on a story by E T A Hoffmann Stravinskys The Soldiers Tale is a ballet What was the name of the Paris-based Russian ballet impresario who commissioned Stravinsky to write ballets Diaghilev Singing in a chorus generally requires a different skill than playing in an orchestra True Which of the following is the Cuban dance song that Bizet set as an aria in Carmen habanera Opera provided composers with a good outlet for their interest in far-off lands True The text for Fanny Mendelssohn Hensels Under the Greenwood Tree was taken from Shakespeares As You Like It: The Waltz of the Flowers is the climax of The Nutcracker ballet True Ravel was attracted to many styles of dance music True The librettist for Verdis Otello was Boito Debussy considered Wagners music dramas to be ponderous and tedious True French poets responded to Impressionism in painting by developing a new literary style called Symbolism Debussy was much influenced by non-Western music he heard at the Paris World Exhibition of 1889 True Puccinis opera Madame Butterfly, with its Japanese melodies and pentatonic and whole-tone scales, is an example of exoticism True Ravels _____ sets texts from The Arabian Nights Shà ©hà ©razade Ballet became an independent art form in the nineteenth century True The form of How Lovely Is Thy Dwelling Place, the fourth movement of Brahmss German Requiem, is best described as A-B-A-C-A, or rondo Brahmss German Requiem has _____ movements seven In Rigoletto, Verdi turns away from tuneful melodies to heighten the dramatic action False Schumann wrote his song cycle A Poets Love during his year of song, in which he wrote hundreds of Lieder and he also married Clara (Wieck) Schumann: True The melody in twelve-tone music is called a tone row Of the following, which describes formalism Formal considerations are valued over expressive ones. What was the name of the Paris-based Russian ballet impresario who commissioned Stravinsky to write ballets Diaghilev Stravinskys The Soldiers Tale is a ballet Klangfarbenmelodie refers to a style that gives each note of a melody to a different instrument Neoclassical composers preferred absolute music and forms to program music True Stravinskys ballets all achieved immediate popularity with their audiences. False In The Royal March from Stravinskys The Soldiers Tale, the meter remains constant throughout False Bergs music owes much to the influence of Arnold Schoenberg True It is thought that Mahlers conversion to Catholicism was prompted primarily to avoid anit-Semitism in Vienna. Weberns Symphony, Opus 21, uses many contrapuntal procedures True Weberns Symphony, Opus 21, combines serial technique with traditional forms True Who composed the opera Peter Grimes Britten Bart à ³k found that eastern European folk music was based on ancient modes, unfamiliar scales,non-symmetrical rhythms. Which nineteenth-century American composer is best remembered for his popular ballads and minstrel show tunes Stephen Foster Which of the following instruments would you NOT find in a standard mariachi band clarinet Which of the following is NOT a ballet by Aaron Copland Our Town While composing in his spare time, Charles Ives made his living as an insurance executive. Shape-note notation was used to help music reading for the general public True The music of Charles Ives was very popular and performed frequently during his lifetime False William Grant Still composed the first symphony by an African American to be performed by a major American orchestra True Like Copland and Prokofiev, Revueltas wrote music for films True Which does NOT characterize the blues It is a form of African folk music. What American city is considered the birthplace of jazz New Orleans Billie Holidays song Billies Blues demonstrates ________ form 16-bar blues The principal exponent of cool jazz was trumpeter Miles Davis. What is the form of Gershwins Piano Prelude No1 : A-B-A The popular style that is characterized by vocal patter against a syncopated rhythmic accompaniment is rap. The Irish rock group of the late 1980s interested in political activism was U2. The Whos Tommy is an example of rock opera. Bernsteins West Side Story updates the feud between the Capulets and the Montagues to that between The Jets and the Sharks. The term loosely applied to various styles of Afro-Cuban dance music is Salsa. Ragtime was named for its ragged, highly syncopated rhythms and melodies True Cajuns and Creoles stem from the same ethnic background and share similar musical influences False Art rock or progressive rock was largely a British style True A new style that emerged during the 1950s that was a union of African American rhythm-blues, country western, and pop was called bebop False Rock is characterized by a strong, steady beat in a triple meter False The use of preexisting literary sources such as books and plays for the plots of musicals helped the new genre to gain maturity and permanence True New Orleans jazz depended on simultaneous improvisations by the players, which created a polyphonic texture True Big-band swing represented the dominant form of American popular music in the 1930s and 1940s True The jazz technique of playing short melodic ostinatos, or riffs, derives from African call-and-response patterns. True The musical has remained exclusively an American art form, not attempted by composers of other countries False

Free Essays on Creating & Living With A Budget

A budget is a way of gaining control of, planning, communicating and fulfilling your dreams. At the very least, a budget should allow you to find extra spending money in your paycheck every month. It can help you see how to use money to pay bills and get more of the things that you need and want. A budget allows you to decide what is important to your family and to make choices before spending your money. The benefits of a budget are that it can help you live within your income, place your needs above your wants, set aside money for large planned expenses, emergencies, and save for the things you want. To create the family budget, you need to review your family goals. If you do not have a list of goals, then you will need to create one. You need to decide what your short-term needs (i.e. down payment for car, insurance, shopping spree) and long-term needs (i.e. retirement, vacation) will be and then prioritize them. The income part is easy take a look at your most recent pay stub and copy your information. Most budgets use your â€Å"disposable† income, which is income after taxes. You will also need to include any other income such as rent, alimony, child support, etc. After you have gathered your family’s goals and income, you need to set up your spending and savings plan. You will need to gather your expenses, such as food, apparel, health care, education, insurance, 401K contributions, rent/mortgage, transportation costs, entertainment, charity and any other miscellaneous expense you incur. Break your expenses down into categories; fixed, flexible, perio dic and emergency. Fixed expenses are expenses that stay about the same. They include such things as house payments, insurance, time payments and charge accounts. You need to document the expense, the date it is due and the amount due. Flexible expenses vary from week to week. These include food, clothing, utilities, gasoline, savings, and medical care. For th... Free Essays on Creating & Living With A Budget Free Essays on Creating & Living With A Budget A budget is a way of gaining control of, planning, communicating and fulfilling your dreams. At the very least, a budget should allow you to find extra spending money in your paycheck every month. It can help you see how to use money to pay bills and get more of the things that you need and want. A budget allows you to decide what is important to your family and to make choices before spending your money. The benefits of a budget are that it can help you live within your income, place your needs above your wants, set aside money for large planned expenses, emergencies, and save for the things you want. To create the family budget, you need to review your family goals. If you do not have a list of goals, then you will need to create one. You need to decide what your short-term needs (i.e. down payment for car, insurance, shopping spree) and long-term needs (i.e. retirement, vacation) will be and then prioritize them. The income part is easy take a look at your most recent pay stub and copy your information. Most budgets use your â€Å"disposable† income, which is income after taxes. You will also need to include any other income such as rent, alimony, child support, etc. After you have gathered your family’s goals and income, you need to set up your spending and savings plan. You will need to gather your expenses, such as food, apparel, health care, education, insurance, 401K contributions, rent/mortgage, transportation costs, entertainment, charity and any other miscellaneous expense you incur. Break your expenses down into categories; fixed, flexible, perio dic and emergency. Fixed expenses are expenses that stay about the same. They include such things as house payments, insurance, time payments and charge accounts. You need to document the expense, the date it is due and the amount due. Flexible expenses vary from week to week. These include food, clothing, utilities, gasoline, savings, and medical care. For th...

Afghan Wedding Tradition

Marriage in traditional Afghan culture has a deep-rooted process that is gradually rooted. Young men and women rarely have opportunities to meet and usually choose a future couple in a hurry. When a young man wants to marry a young woman from an unknown family, his parents first make some background checks on her trying to learn more about her morality, beauty and other family problems. If they are satisfied with what they find, their parents indirectly or directly understand and send a family related to the woman 's family or her home to disclose the proposal in a favorable situation I will. The story that Khadija and her three brothers got married is an explanation of war and tradition, which is disappointing for Afghans. It included the Afghanistan War in its most violent place, the South Herman Province, the Taliban home base, many of them torn apart by loyalty between government and rebel factions. This is also a story that women in traditional societies are fighting the lack of choice in their lives. In their Pashtun society, brothers believe there is an obligation to make their brothers widow - the widow has no choice but to protect children or their homes. According to past wedding traditions, many couples now choose to incorporate their religious or spiritual devotion into their wedding rings. There are many contemporary designs that will allow you to incorporate these traditions into your ring design. You can integrate cross, Rosario, star of David, scrolls, other spiritual or religious signs in the design of the wedding ring. Do not forget that your wedding ring is not necessarily very traditional. If you want traditional things, please use the regular diamond engagement ring and wedding ring set. But even if you remember the old wedding tradition, there are other types of wedding rings on the market if you want something unique to complement your style and flare.

Narrative Speech Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Narrative Speech - Essay Example She was an advocate of the post Cold War neoconservative agenda and helped to shape many of the anti-terror policies of the GW Bush administration. Paraphrase: Our freedom is not protected by a strong national defense alone. It requires the support of the intellectuals and academics that define and promote freedom in a way that makes its significance understandable to all men. Only when we understand the meaning of freedom are we able to promote it around the world as a treasure worth fighting for. Narrative: I can still remember that calm summer morning as I sat on the couch and watched a second airplane explode into the side of the Twin Towers. A confused Brian Gumble was reporting live and it was clear by his loss of words that the incident confused him. I instinctively knew that the US was under attack from some foreign enemy, and though as my anger welled up inside me the onrush of thoughts prevented my mouth from speaking. I knew what I wanted to say, but did not know how to say it. Months later as the missiles hit Baghdad I sat in a state of awe of the military might, again I was lost for words, thinking only that revenge was finally on its way. As the war ground on, I felt the smugness of victory and the glory of a position that I still was unable to articulate. When Jeane Kirkpatrick died in 2006, I was reminded of her quote that said, "No government, no foreign policy, is more important to the defense of freedom than are the writers, teachers, communication specialists, researchers - whose responsibility it is to document, illustrate, and explain the human consequence of freedom and unfreedom". I was reminded of all my previous teachers, the average people from average places, who had for years encouraged me to express my self. I suddenly felt driven to "document, illustrate, and explain the human consequence". As I attend school the need to communicate has become a central focus of my college

Module 5 BHS427 Health Care Finance (AUG2014-1) Capital Budgeting Essay

Module 5 BHS427 Health Care Finance (AUG2014-1) Capital Budgeting (CASE) - Essay Example is referred to as the time it takes a firm to recover its initial cash expenditure from the cash inflow it gets from a certain project or investment. Academics usually advocate the NPV method followed by IRR measure. The payback period method serves as a supplementary tool to decision making. The payback period is quite attractive, but its shortcomings make it less practically relevant. Its shortcomings include; the lack of consideration of the time value of money that can influence wrong decision-making and, it also ignores any cash flows which accrue after the payback period. Despite its shortcomings, the payback period method is still used by firms in appraising capital budgeting decisions (Avery, 2011). The continual use of the payback period by firms and managers implies that there is value realized from its results. Thus, considering a constant growth rate of cash flows the payback period can be calculated by using two main factors of cash flow. The factors are â€Å"the ratio (I) of the initial outlay to the next period projected cash flow, and the projected cash flow growth rate (g)† (Avery, 2011., p.1). Therefore, if the payback period is negatively associated to g and positively related to the ratio I, the management is at a better position to evaluate the expenses and gains of a certain project. Money time value can be adjusted via the discounted cash flows. This approach suggests that there is an expected constant growth in cash flows; choosing the value of g depends on existing knowledge of the activity and foresight of a firm. The ratio I will be the initial investment divided by 1. The cash flow is also assumed to be growing â€Å"at a constant rate of g percent per period.† Thus from calculations the payback period (T) is directly proportional to I, and inversely proportional to g. That is; a high value of I imply a high initial investment cost as compared to the projected first period cash flow. Hence, an investor will take a longer time to

Embracing Readymades and the Notion of Living Forever Essay Example for Free

Embracing Readymades and the Notion of Living Forever Essay It is a shared combination of works that is displayed throughout the museum, setting up conversation between the museum’s collection and Hirst’s contemporary art pieces. The relationship and connection between the works will give visitors a dialogue between the different works, engaging them in a conversation of art and science between the past, present and future. Hirst, one of the most celebrated contemporary artists, whose works propose a personal interpretation of past works, find their insight in science and their basis in art history. Relationships with life and death are being examined, and questions dealth to our cultural, artistic and philosophical ideals. * Works of Damien Hirst mirrored Marcel Duchamp’s idea of the ‘readymade’, that the concept is much more important than the outcome of the work itself, and that ordinary objects/subjects could be taken from everyday use and be used for art. Although Hirst’s works explores the themes of life and death, pathology and science, with the help of ‘readymade’ objects, his works arouse a sense of spiritual enlightenment in the spectator, along with the notion of living forever, which compliments with the centenary of the museum. * With that, I will firstly talk about the idea of the ‘readymades’, and how it is being used in the works that is being exhibited in Cornucopia. Next, I will be analyzing them, discussing the potential meaning behind the ‘readymades’ to my proposed theme of spirituality and t he idea of living forever. Koons seduces and persuades the spectators with such works, and desire will ultimately be gone once the spectators looks at themselves and realize that they are desire itself. * * CONCLUSION * The use of ‘readymades’ to promote or provoke an idea, a thought, is what Damien Hirst seeks out to achieve in the exhibition, Cornucopia. As it was held in accordance to the Oceanographic Museum’s 100th anniversary, Hirst’s artworks seek out to question its visitors, what has changed and what remained. Only by constant questioning will we improve and move forward. A sense of spiritual attainment and the idea of living forever can be felt whne looking at Hirst’s works, it evades time and seems to be stuck in limbo, allowing us to reflect on ourselves and our morality. As I have compared, the works of artist Jeff Koons also seeks to enlighten the viewers with his version of the ‘readymades’. ‘Readymades’ is an excellent way to provoke thinking and spreading message as everyday objects are familiar to the general consensus and people could relate better to them, rather then traditional symbols of art.

Television and Newspaper Coverage of 9/11 :: Papers

Television and Newspaper Coverage of 9/11 This case study will be analysing television news coverage for 11/9/01 and 11/9/02 and newspaper coverage for the same dates. I will start by analysing the newspaper coverage for 11/9/01 and 11/9/02. I looked at five newspapers from 11/9/01, three of which were tabloids, and two of which were broadsheet newspapers. I noticed that each newspaper used visual imperatives overtly throughout. The photographs were powerful, mostly of the twin towers before and after they had been hit, with smoke and fire all around, people jumping out of the towers, and all the debris. The photographs on the front covers were very colourful and filled the whole page, even on the broadsheets, which is not the usual format. Some even used photographs on the back cover, which is usually meant for sport. Use of the images were very effective, as they were dramatic photographs showing the realisation of what had happened. "The Mirror" did not use an image of the towers on the front cover, which was unusual. Instead, it used a small image of the president of the USA, and the word "war" dominating the rest of the page. This was very effective as all the other newspapers looked the same, and this one stood out from them all, yet still had an impact from the word "war". Images throughout the newspapers were very emotionally dramatic and eye-catching. The headlines were brief, blunt and got straight to the point. They did this by using striking words such as apocalypse, nightmare, and war. By using these headlines they expressed to the readers the seriousness of what had happened. There were also supplements that came with the newspapers which were mainly photographs and images, with very little text. Similarly newspaper coverage of 11/9/02, a year on from the event, used the same images, but also used images from after the attack. This was effective as it brought back memories and emotions from the year before. Strong headlines were used again, but this time they were

Motivational Theories and Factors Essay

Stress and conflict in the workplace can cause major emotional and physical damage to the facility and workers. In the past, there have been reports of tragedies caused by disgruntled workers who may have clocked in with a gun in hand. We are going to look into ‘three motivational theories including the relationship of stress and conflict in relation to individual motivations. ’ Many factors can motivate employees while at work. Some of the motivating factors could include the structure of the lives of the employees before they became employed. Personality is a big factor in employee performance and motivation. Someone that is an introvert may not have the same mind set as an extrovert. This will definitely dictate how that employee behaves and responds to directives at work. Turmoil has happened in recent years in workplace settings. Let us take a closer look at a tragic workplace incident. Omar Thornton was a thirty-four year old black delivery driver in Manchester Connecticut. On August 4, 2010, he signed his resignation papers in front of witnesses after he saw video footage of him stealing beer from his company. Before leaving the room he reportedly pulled a gun and started randomly shooting workers he came across. In the end, he killed eight, leaving two wounded before he killed himself. Thornton’s relatives and girlfriend said he had been harassed in a racial manner. This story is not the only one we have seen in the news. It proves that motivation can be a source of good behavior or negative. In Thornton’s case he was motivated by what he thought to be racially aimed mistreatment from his white co workers. This caused him to become stressed and it reached a deadly point of conflict, a him against them scenario. In the real world, no employee should allow their job stress to motivate them to take lives or destroy property. Stress can lead to serious consequences, whether it becomes a health issue or affects performance in a negative way. If employees are in constant conflict over management issues, pay working conditions or other concerns, this can lead to low moral among the employee congregation. It won’t matter if all employees are involved in the struggle, dissatisfaction can spread like sand into each individual’s boundaries. It will be the main topic around the water cooler each day. The job for management is to keep employees motivated in the right direction for the good of the company and its productivity. Management can help decrease the incidents of job dissatisfaction by following these steps. Positive reinforcement should always follow an employees job well done. When problems or disagreements arise the discipline should fit the crime. All persons who live up to their expected performance should be treated in a fair respectful manner. Goals should always be well pronounced so that no employee will say they didn’t know what was expected of them. Some jobs may need to be restructured to generate better productivity. All employees who perform in an acceptable capacity should be rewarded fro their compliance. Increased pay or a truck load of benefits may not always be at the top of the list when it comes to employee motivation. People want to feel needed and appreciated on the job. They want to know that their work is worth something. So, to decrease the incidents of stress, unfairness which can lead to conflict and disgruntled or dissatisfied employees, companies need to place value on employees who are doing what they are asked. When conflicts arise, there should be a procedure in place to allow every voice to be heard. When I am involved in stressful work situations, I bring it to the attention of my department manager. I do not attack an individual, I attack the cause of the problem. I follow the company’s guidelines for resolution, it has always worked for me. Since I started this class, I have learned that positive external motivation can also decrease or prevent stress in the workplace. So there should be a plan already in place to head off negative incidents.

Personal Statement for MSc Information Systems

I believe that I am an ideal candidate to be considered for admission to the Manchester Business School’s Masters in MSc Information Systems: e-government program as I possess all the qualities needed for me to become successful in my future career. At present, I am at my final year at the University of Manchester taking up BA in Accounting and Economics, where I have consistently maintained my position as one of the top students in class. My grade is 60% or 2.1, which basically meets the requirements of program, and I intend to also get a grade of 2.1 in my examinations on May and June so that I would be placed in the Second Upper Class. In this regard, I believe that my grade more than speaks for itself as it shows that I am a highly competent student who would be able to meet and even surpass the high standards of the school’s MSc Information Systems: e-government program. Furthermore, I believe that the Manchester Business School’s Masters in MSc Information Systems: e-government program is one of the most competitive courses in the country and would no doubt help me attain my goal of being an expert in Information and Technologies (ICT) design and deployment in the context of an e-government. In addition, I also believe that the program has an in-depth curriculum that would not only help me comprehend the new trends and developments in ICT, but also enable me to critically analyze and address e-government issues which are related to various Information Systems. In short, after completing my degree in the program, I believe that I would definitely be well-equipped with the vital skills and fundamentals that would allow me to become highly adept in Information Systems of the e-government. In addition, since the program basically deals with the study of electronic or online government information systems that communicate with the people, I would also be able to learn essential information about the government and in effect, improve the delivery public service online. In other words, I believe that the course would allow me to be able to contribute to the betterment of society in my own little way. Moreover, if I am fortunate enough to be accepted into the Manchester Business School’s Masters in MSc Information Systems: e-government program, I believe I would no doubt be a highly valuable asset to the school as I have a good background on Information Technology and other computer-related courses. I have already taken up a Management Information System module last year and I am currently taking up Computerized Accounting System so I believe that upon my entry to the program I will already be equipped with the necessary skills and basics on Information Systems. However, I believe that what sets me apart from the rest of the applicants is my ability to keep up with and adapt to the constantly growing trends of technology, particularly, in Information Systems. I believe that this ability would enable me to fully understand the lessons I would be learning in the program and would help me apply my knowledge on various e-government issues regarding Information systems. Aside from my ability, I am also a person who always shows enthusiasm to learn new things. I believe that this is important in my career as it would help keep up with the fast growing pace of technology. In this regard, I believe that the ideal place for me to learn is at the Manchester Business School’s Masters in MSc Information Systems: e-government program, where I would be receiving the best education possible. In short, my various experiences, my extensive background on Information Systems, and most of all, my adaptability to new trends would no doubt enable me to make an impact on the school. If I am admitted, I would do my best and strive hard to become a highly-skilled and highly competent specialist in Information Systems of e-governments. Â   Â  

Free Essays on Johann Sebastian Bach

Johann Sebastian Bach was one of the greatest composers in Western musical history. More than 1,000 of his compositions survive. Some examples are the Art of Fugue, Brandenburg Concerti, the Goldberg Variations for Harpsichord, the Mass in B-Minor, the motets, the Easter and Christmas oratorios, Toccata in F Major, French Suite No 5, Fugue in G Major, Fugue in G Minor ("The Great"), St. Matthew Passion, and Jesu Der Du Meine Seele. He came from a family of musicians. There were over 53 musicians in his family over a period of 300 years. Johann Sebastian Bach was born in Eisenach, Germany on March 21, 1685. His father, Johann Ambrosius Bach, was a talented violinist, and taught his son the basic skills for string playing; another relation, the organist at Eisenach's most important church, instructed the young boy on the organ. In 1695 his parents died and he was only 10 years old. He went to go stay with his older brother, Johann Christoph, who was a professional organist at Ohrdruf. Johann Christoph was a professional organist, and continued his younger brother's education on that instrument, as well as on the harpsichord. After several years in this arrangement, Johann Sebastian won a scholarship to study in Luneberg, Northern Germany, and so left his brother's tutelage. A master of several instruments while still in his teens, Johann Sebastian first found employment at the age of 18 as a "lackey and violinist" in a court orchestra in Weimar; soon after, he took the job of organist at a church in Arnstadt. Here, as in later posts, his perfectionist tendencies and high expectations of other musicians - for example, the church choir - rubbed his colleagues the wrong way, and he was embroiled in a number of hot disputes during his short tenure. In 1707, at the age of 22, Bach became fed up with the lousy musical standards of Arnstadt (and the working conditions) and moved on to another organist job, this time at the St. Blasius Ch... Free Essays on Johann Sebastian Bach Free Essays on Johann Sebastian Bach Bach As time passes, many composers leave unforgettable marks that people today look back onto and try to aspire to. Johann Sebastion Back, whom is no exception to this idiom, left a indelible mark. Many look back to his works to both learn and admire. He truly can be considered a music great. Bach, who came from a family of many musicians, was nothing short of a virtuosic instrumentalist as well as a masterful composer. Born in Eisenach, Germany, on March 21, 1685, he was the son of Johann Ambrosius Bach. He taught his son the basic skills for string playing. Later Bach started playing the organ, which is the instrument he is known for in history. His instruction on the organ came from the player at Eisenach's most important church. He instructed the young boy rather rigorously until his skills went over anyone's expectations for someone of such a young age. Bach suffered greatly when his parents died in 1695. He then went to live with his older brother, Johann Christoph, who also was a professional organist. He continued his younger brother's education on that instrument, as well as introducing him to the harpsichord. After several years of studying with his older brother, he was given a scholarship to study in Luneberg, Germany. As a result, he left his brother and went to go and study there. The teenage years brought Bach to several parts of Germany. He mainly worked as an organist in churches because that is what he perfected from his young training. However, Johann Sebastian first found employment at the age of 18 as a violinist in a court orchestra in Weimar. Although he did not stay there very long, he was able to make good a good sum of money playing for the king. He soon after worked as a church organist in Arnstadt. It was here that Bach realized his standards and regards that he had for music. In Arnstadt as well as in many other places that Bach worked, he was known for getting into fights because of the quality... Free Essays on Johann Sebastian Bach Johann Sebastian Bach Johann Sebastian Bach was one of the greatest composers in Western musical history. More than 1,000 of his compositions survive. Some examples are the Art of Fugue, Brandenburg Concerti, the Goldberg Variations for Harpsichord, the Mass in B-Minor, the motets, the Easter and Christmas oratorios, Toccata in F Major, French Suite No 5, Fugue in G Major, Fugue in G Minor ("The Great"), St. Matthew Passion, and Jesu Der Du Meine Seele. He came from a family of musicians. There were over 53 musicians in his family over a period of 300 years. Johann Sebastian Bach was born in Eisenach, Germany on March 21, 1685. His father, Johann Ambrosius Bach, was a talented violinist, and taught his son the basic skills for string playing; another relation, the organist at Eisenach's most important church, instructed the young boy on the organ. In 1695 his parents died and he was only 10 years old. He went to go stay with his older brother, Johann Christoph, who was a professional organist at Ohrdruf. Johann Christoph was a professional organist, and continued his younger brother's education on that instrument, as well as on the harpsichord. After several years in this arrangement, Johann Sebastian won a scholarship to study in Luneberg, Northern Germany, and so left his brother's tutelage. A master of several instruments while still in his teens, Johann Sebastian first found employment at the age of 18 as a "lackey and violinist" in a court orchestra in Weimar; soon after, he took the job of organist at a church in Arnstadt. Here, as in later posts, his perfectionist tendencies and high expectations of other musicians - for example, the church choir - rubbed his colleagues the wrong way, and he was embroiled in a number of hot disputes during his short tenure. In 1707, at the age of 22, Bach became fed up with the lousy musical standards of Arnstadt (and the work... Free Essays on Johann Sebastian Bach Johann Sebastian Bach was one of the greatest composers in Western musical history. More than 1,000 of his compositions survive. Some examples are the Art of Fugue, Brandenburg Concerti, the Goldberg Variations for Harpsichord, the Mass in B-Minor, the motets, the Easter and Christmas oratorios, Toccata in F Major, French Suite No 5, Fugue in G Major, Fugue in G Minor ("The Great"), St. Matthew Passion, and Jesu Der Du Meine Seele. He came from a family of musicians. There were over 53 musicians in his family over a period of 300 years. Johann Sebastian Bach was born in Eisenach, Germany on March 21, 1685. His father, Johann Ambrosius Bach, was a talented violinist, and taught his son the basic skills for string playing; another relation, the organist at Eisenach's most important church, instructed the young boy on the organ. In 1695 his parents died and he was only 10 years old. He went to go stay with his older brother, Johann Christoph, who was a professional organist at Ohrdruf. Johann Christoph was a professional organist, and continued his younger brother's education on that instrument, as well as on the harpsichord. After several years in this arrangement, Johann Sebastian won a scholarship to study in Luneberg, Northern Germany, and so left his brother's tutelage. A master of several instruments while still in his teens, Johann Sebastian first found employment at the age of 18 as a "lackey and violinist" in a court orchestra in Weimar; soon after, he took the job of organist at a church in Arnstadt. Here, as in later posts, his perfectionist tendencies and high expectations of other musicians - for example, the church choir - rubbed his colleagues the wrong way, and he was embroiled in a number of hot disputes during his short tenure. In 1707, at the age of 22, Bach became fed up with the lousy musical standards of Arnstadt (and the working conditions) and moved on to another organist job, this time at the St. Blasius Ch... Free Essays on Johann Sebastian Bach Johann Sebastian Bach was one of the greatest composers in Western musical history. More than 1,000 of his compositions survive. Some examples are the Art of Fugue, Brandenburg Concerti, the Goldberg Variations for Harpsichord, the Mass in B-Minor, the motets, the Easter and Christmas oratorios, Toccata in F Major, French Suite No 5, Fugue in G Major, Fugue in G Minor ("The Great"), St. Matthew Passion, and Jesu Der Du Meine Seele. He came from a family of musicians. There were over 53 musicians in his family over a period of 300 years. Johann Sebastian Bach was born in Eisenach, Germany on March 21, 1685. His father, Johann Ambrosius Bach, was a talented violinist, and taught his son the basic skills for string playing; another relation, the organist at Eisenach's most important church, instructed the young boy on the organ. In 1695 his parents died and he was only 10 years old. He went to go stay with his older brother, Johann Christoph, who was a professional organist at Ohrdruf. Johann Christoph was a professional organist, and continued his younger brother's education on that instrument, as well as on the harpsichord. After several years in this arrangement, Johann Sebastian won a scholarship to study in Luneberg, Northern Germany, and so left his brother's tutelage. A master of several instruments while still in his teens, Johann Sebastian first found employment at the age of 18 as a "lackey and violinist" in a court orchestra in Weimar; soon after, he took the job of organist at a church in Arnstadt. Here, as in later posts, his perfectionist tendencies and high expectations of other musicians - for example, the church choir - rubbed his colleagues the wrong way, and he was embroiled in a number of hot disputes during his short tenure. In 1707, at the age of 22, Bach became fed up with the lousy musical standards of Arnstadt (and the working conditions) and moved o...

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ECO 202 MOD 3 CA - Essay Example Q3..For the past 3 years a major department store chain has averaged approximately $10 billion in long-term debt. Their debt is in the form of bonds that have been sold to investment funds and the public (If you are not sure what a corporate bond is look it up on the internet). For the sake of argument, let us assume that either now or one-year from now they will add an additional $5 billion to finance store expansion. This is a given, management has already made this expansion decision and it does not need to be commented on. The objective of management is to issue bonds at the lowest interest rate. Given this objective, should they issue the bonds now or wait for one year if they feel the Federal Reserve will follow:   1. The Federal Reserve policy makers use monetary policy to influence demand and supply of money. Changes in demand and supply of money cause interest rates to fluctuate as illustrated in the below diagrams: The  Federal Reserve  can set the  discount rate, as well as achieve the desired  federal funds rate  by  open market operations. These rates have significant effect on other market interest rates, but there is no perfect relationship. In the United States open market operations are a relatively small part of the total volume in the bond market(monetary policy,Wikipedia,2011) Federal Reserve uses expansionary monetary policy to boost up economics activity in the economy and remove recessionary gap. An increase in the nominal money supply or a decrease in the demand for money results in excess supply of money. This change attempts to reduce money holdings by buying bonds and results in a fall if interest rates .Decrease in interest rate results in an increase in interest-sensitive expenditure and hence there is an increase in equilibrium real National Income. Opposite of expansionary policy is the Contractionary policy which is aimed to remove inflationary gap. A decrease in money supply or a n

Aristotle rhetoric Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

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Venezuelan Economiocal Situation Research Paper

Venezuelan Economiocal Situation - Research Paper Example His leadership has been heavily protested ever since that time. The economic crisis in the country is exhibited by several problems that the country experiences. These problems are food shortages, lighting and communication problem, insecurity, political prisoners, government expropriations, poor US Venezuelan relationship and inflation and black market dominance. It is highly ironical that a rich country such as Venezuelan has no food. The daily battle of the country in search of food is not new but it is getting worse especially with the presence of the rainy season. The country retailers have to battle flooded avenues, upturned manhole lids and heavy traffic jams in its quest for milk, oil, and sugar. Many of the locals in the country have a problem getting access to healthy food, not that they lack sufficient cash to afford them but the scarcity of the food makes them lack. This factor causes the little available food presented in the market to retail at extremely high prices leaving the low-income households at a disadvantage since they cannot afford. The locals of the country are forced to queue for long hours in a bid to purchase some of the low quality rice that is present in the country. The spending of many hours in the queues just to buy food wastes plenty of time and many people prefer substituting the consumption of rice with man ioc regardless of their quality. Venezuela used to produce high quality rice and excellent coffee but it stopped. The lack of the country’s staple food, rice, in the shelves explains the extent of food shortage in the country (Lopez). The government of Venezuela nationalized the lighting and communication sectors. They are no private firms in the sectors. The government departments monopolize the lighting and communication sectors to the extent that exploit the country’s citizen. Since the government does not get

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Staffing Organization - Assignment Example Lastly, I will propose the types of initial and substantive assessment methods, and identify predictors used to assess KSAOs. 1. Formulate a recruitment plan and strategy that will be used to staff the coffee shop initially and throughout the next three (3) years. A recruitment strategy ensures that business goals are attained. It is referred to as a roadmap that guides business personnel on best methods of hiring quality employees. In formulating recruitment strategy for Gourmet Coffee Shop, the first plan that I will use to staff the coffee shop in the next three years is job description. It involves finding out detailed information on the kind of post that applicants need to occupy (Jex, 2002). Workers always have the tendency knowing the type vacancies advertised before they think of applying for the job. Job description also involves job specification, which is an elucidation of the credentials, familiarity and personal aspects required by a candidate. Methods such as promoting initial employees within the Coffee shop ensure that a business preserves and encourages hard working employees. The process of promoting staffs within has significant advantages since they are used to the working environment. Furthermore, another method is referral, in which staff members are expected to bring in new qualified recruits to the business. The strategy is cheap since it reduces the recruitment cost, involves current employees, motivates staff, and decreases time spent in hiring. Other methods that can be used are inside headhunt, looking for resume databases or hiring an outside employee service. The second strategy is screening and evaluation of the job applicants. This process leads to short-listing process that involves getting qualified members of the team and removing those that have failed to achieve the interview requirements. Lastly, the final strategy to apply is documentation of the recruited staff members. This will assist in tracking the qualified applicant s, hence making it easy to monitor their work for the successful running if the coffee shop (Bechet, 2008). The documentation will act as a source of evidence proving that the recruitment was a fair process to evade conflict and misunderstandings. 2. Create a communication message (realistic, brand, or targeted) to attract applicants to the open positions. I will create a brand communication message to attract applicant for the open positions, and ensure that has the ability for sustainability, self-selection and business growth (Davis, 2010). Gourmet Coffee Shop offers unique and quality coffee and extra fast foods that are prepared by experts. Coffee is the major product served by the shop to its customers and is prepared exceptionally for the targeted students and lectures of the nearby college. Employees will obtain free job training for an outstanding and quality services offered to customers by working for the coffee shop. Consequently, the strategic location of the Gourmet Co ffee Shop makes it an ever busy shop. Furthermore, the coffee shop is an employer’s choice because of its considerate salary it offers to staff members, unlike other coffee shop that pays its workers small amount of money. Gourmet Coffee Shop recognizes the hard work and effort put by its workers by rewarding them by issuing out promotions and bonuses. 3. Select the communication medium for the recruitment effort and explain why that method was chosen over others. I will use is social media as a communication

Trends of Punctuation in English and Lithuanian

Trends of Punctuation in English and Lithuanian Introduction The world of knowledge always tempted the scientists of any spheres. The nature, human body and brain gave birth to the many branches of science such as physics, medicine and philosophy. The analysis of a language was also one of the most popular branches of research of the linguists and grammarians of the fifteenth century. The unbounded interest in the development and variation of a language, and its constructions presented to the world the new approaches analysing the oral and written forms of any language: the phonology, phonetics, grammar and semantics. At the beginning of the fifteenth century, the scholars focused on the study of sounds and their pronunciation. The phoneticians and linguists analysed the origin of vowels and consonants, their structure and the interactions with other sounds, proffering different theories on the usage of them. A few decades later, the majority of scientists turned their focus on the analysis of a communication, basically, the orally expressed l anguage. They gave birth to the new branch of the analysis of language: the rhetoric. Analysing the language as the changeable system of sounds and their combinations, the scientists believed that oral presentation of a language could be divided into smaller units, which were distinguished with the assistance of hearing. Moreover, this division could help to show the purpose of the thought expressed, not only indicating the mood of a speaker, but also presenting the correct function of a thought in a sentence. However, the sixteenth century and the growing needs of the written texts, made the scholars to realize that the language was more complex system of communication. The influence of a church encumbered the scientists. Consequently, the linguists had to concentrate not only on the structure of a sentence and its correlation in a paragraph; they also had to find a method to inbreathe the emotions to the written expressions of thoughts, that the created sentences on the paper would have the same intonation as it was produced orally in a conversation. In order to achieve this purpose the punctuation was created. Motivational basis of the research. The grammarians paid great attention to the phonology, syntax, grammar, the structure of a sentence and its expressions in the oral and written forms. They noticed that the oral structure of the thought cared equal importance of the one visually presented. Moreover, the scientists realized that fair influence was made on the comprehension of a thought or a text. They believed that the punctuation was the basis not only in the specification of the purpose of a sentence, but also in the identification of a style of a text presented. In order to understand the purpose and the usage of marking, the scientists analysed punctuation from different trends of linguistic. Thus, the punctuation was divided into two different traditions: the rhetorical and grammatical. From rhetorical point of view, the composition played the most important role in any kind of communication. The grammarians assumed that composition was a foundation-stone in the science of rhetoric. They presented a theory that a good text or a paragraph depended on three components: â€Å"clear thinking, reading the best and most vigorous writers; and frequent practice in writing, along with careful polishing of what we have written.† ( Meiklejohn J. 1915:175) In other words, the good presentation of a text, especially a thought expressed in written or oral form, depended on the correct and considered structure of a sentence. The linguists, on the contrary, saw oral speech as a â€Å"multimodal, multi channel event that encoded a lot of redundant information.† (Dawnkings J. Breath, Grammar, and Proper Punctuation 1925:1) According to them, people varied the intensity of speech; modulated the intonation, making their voice to rise or to fall as well as using the gestur es, body language and facial expressions. These actions provided additional information on the message produced. The linguists also assumed that the punctuation was expressed with help of intonation, pitch and pauses. Later, these methods took the role in the grammatical division of a sentence. Intonation in written texts served as â€Å"a controller of meaning† providing â€Å"more phrasing information to the reader.† (Flippo R.F. Punctuationand intonation effects on the perception of texts 2001:133). Pitch, on the other hand, indicated the emotional state of a speaker. Rising or falling tone of any word uttered showed the feelings of a communicator either anger, the cry, warring or command. The body language and gestures also assisted in the comprehension of a thought expressed. Grammatical tradition of punctuation, however, lost these â€Å"visual and auditory channels leaving only words and grammatical structures to carry the message.† (Dawnkings J. 1925:2) The grammatical punctuation was used as system of marks that separated or combined the words, sentences or their parts. The linguists assumed that the main function of the punctuation marks was to present a correct meaning of a thought and a speaker or writer was responsible for this action. However, the grammarians soon realized that the liberal rules of punctuation not only provided the freedom of a writer to express their thoughts in the structure they wanted; frequently, this method of punctuating texts led the readers into the ambiguity. Although, the grammarians tried to present and explain the grammatical rules in the simplest way as possible, many people as well as students yet confronted with the difficulties in punctuating any sentence or a text. Therefore, the interest in the punctuati on as intonational device expressing the thought of a written language and the arising difficulties analysing the sentence from structural point of view in both languages English and Lithuanian languages have formed the motivation basis of the research. Different groups of linguists understood the conception of the punctuation differently. Ones concentrated on the intonational part of the sentence and analysed the punctuation marks as the markers of the mood or emotional state of a reader or a writer. Others believed that marking consisted of the strict, sometimes called dogmatic, grammatical rules which could divide the sentence for the further graphical analysis. From these opinions the traditional (rhetorical) and modern (grammatical) concepts of the punctuation appeared. Although, the traditional point of view of punctuation lost the attention in the beginning of the sixteenth century, more and more the grammarians chose to focus their attention on the analysis of the text from the rhetorical point of view, and to practice this way of teaching the grammar, especially punctuation, concentrating on the fluency and the sound of the thought, rather than the structure or strict order of the words. They were of the opinion that the richness and fluency of any text was provided through the intonation and the way to achieve that correct punctuation was required. It may seem that the grammatical point of view had the same function: to indicate a sentence and provide the fluency of the thoughts or texts. However, modern view of punctuation concentrated on the structure of a sentence. It divided a text into units, sentences, and their parts. It indicated the beginning or the end of the thought presented in sentence; provides the general information about a cert ain type of a sentence such as declarative, affirmative, or question. Grammatical analysis distinguished the sentence into units, while rhetorical point of view presented the sentence analysing its â€Å"voice† expressed while reading in silent or out loud. The purpose of the research paper attempts both: the introduction of the punctuation from the traditional and modern points of views and the comparative analysis of punctuation marks comma and dashas well as their interactions with the structure and meaning of a sentence of the texts in English and Lithuanian languages. The main tasks for attaining the aim are: to introduce a reader to the major trends of punctuation to collect the empirical data coherent with the variation of the punctuation and its application of rules on the original texts and their translations to analyse and compare the system and the usage of the punctuation marks of both languages: Lithuanian and English In order to fulfil the research, the analytical, interpretive and comparative methods have been used. The study of analytical method is used for the analysis of scientific literature sources related to the punctuation, its development and the difficulty of its usage. The application of interpretive methods is necessary for the presentation of the different aspects and ideas presented in the analysis the punctuation. The comparative method provides the possibility to distinguish the different functions of punctuation marks used in the texts of scientific and belles-lettres styles. Literature review. Analysing the punctuation from the very ground, it appeared that the first ever used mark in presenting a sentence was a â€Å"space.† Its function was to indicate a short pause between the words either in oral or written forms. Though rhetoric was an ancient science of speaking, it also had some changes including the development of new theories on its function. Defining the rhetoric, it might be said that this science was a system of five canons: â€Å"inventio, dispositio, elocutio, memoria and pronuntiatio.† (NauckÃ…Â «naitÄ— 2000: 12) These canons served as the guiding lines to the correct and clear way of a speech presented. Though, the classicists and modernists of rhetoric analysed the texts according to these five canons, they expressed different opinions on the relationship between a speaker and communication. The classicists believed that the mind was the most important feature in a human, while the main purpose of rhetoric wa s to persuade the listener. The followers of the modern rhetoric, on the contrary, stated that the significant part in a human was the feelings. The expression of feelings used in the communication provided the mutual understanding between the speaker and the listener. Concentrating on the relationship of speaker and listener, the modernists drew a conclusion that the main purpose of rhetoric was to inform the listeners rather than to persuade. Passing decades, however, made the linguists to realize the significant changes in the conception of rhetoric. Many of them noticed that the rhetoric started to be used an indicator of stylistics. Meiklejohn saw the rhetoric as â€Å"the art of putting sentences together.† (Meiklejohn J. M. D. English Grammar, its history and literature 1915: 175) He stated that â€Å"a text has to be presented clear, coherent and vivid. â€Å"(1915: 175) To achieve this, the writer had to know the grammar, sentence structure, and the particularity of language and its clarity. Rhetorical approach of punctuation presented the punctuation marks as indicators of the intonation. The term of intonation referred â€Å"to a means for conveying information in speech which is independent of the words and their sounds.† (Nolan F. 2006:1) According to Francis Nolan, the intonation fulfilled several tasks in analysing language. Intonation â€Å"signalled grammatical structure, [†¦] reflecte d the information structure of an utterance, highlighting constituents of importance.† (2006:1) The punctuation marks, used in the field rhetoric analysis, provided a reader the stylistically presented text. In the text, the punctuation marks indicated the pitch (beginning or the end of the sentence), tone (the mood or attitude of a speaker), and pauses (the length of time, used between the words). Each mark had its own function, such as presenting a request, an order or command. In other words, punctuation provided a reader vivid and natural utterance of a language, which was very similar to the conversation. The usage of a specific punctuation mostly depended on the style the text or a paragraph presented. Therefore, it might be assumed that stylistics also contributed to the rhetoric. Knowing the style or genre of a written text (whether it was scientific, belles-letters or essay) it was easy to notice a particular structure of the sentences, which characterised the punctua tion. A text, written on the scientific purpose, had more complicated structure of punctuation than the belles-letters. Long complex sentences, unemotional, specific terminology and concrete language pictured the scientific style, where the basic punctuation marks appeared to be comma, semicolon and colon. On the contrary, the belles-letters style and essay offered more liberal marking system of a text using the figures of speech such as parenthesis, similes or periphrasis. These figures of speech often played the role of a text colouring. Ã…Â ½uperka K. in his work Stilistika showed the punctuation as a tool of a rhetoric, where the words provided the emotional shade of a sentence and the marks only indicated the mood of the speaker. Walker J., however, offered a different explanation of punctuation. According to him, punctuation was a system of principles that arose† from nature of the living voice, from the perception of harmony in the ear, and from a certain super addition to the senesce of language, of which grammar took no account.† (Walker J. A rhetorical grammar 1829:40) This kind of attitude provided the basic explanation of the prediction of a mark. In order to present the actual intonation, used in any conversation or written text, the writers concentrated on the melody of a thought, rather than on the correct structure of a sentence. They wanted to save the natural fluency of words and sentences produced in the written texts, therefore, most of writers focused on the intonational part of a s entence, and its alteration during the conveyance of a correct meaning of a thought. Intonation, especially the rising or falling tones, played as the indicators of emotions of a speaker as well as the directive in the determination of a sentence type. From structural point of view the punctuation belonged to the syntax â€Å"a device of the communication and the expression of thoughts, presented in the form of colloquial language or written text†. (Labutis V. LietuviÃ…Â ³ kalbos sintaksÄ— 2002: 7) Presenting punctuation as a â€Å"device of the syntax†( Ã…  arÄ eviĆ¡ 1997:179), the grammarians and linguists concentrated on the functional structure of marking a sentence. The punctuation marks served as the indicators of the sentence or a text. They separated or combined particular parts of a sentence, or the whole units, marked the beginning or the end of thought. Other function of the marks was to present a clear, correct and emotional sentences used in silent reading, as they would be produced in oral communication with all specific details such as tone, intonation or pitch. Mcelroy J. presented the punctuation as a system â€Å"ultimately controlled by the principles of constructio n or thought that depended upon the usage only so far as the usage truly represented these laws of thought and construction.†(Mcelroy 1878:1) He assumed that the choice of punctuation marks and their quantity used in a text was â€Å"a question of taste† and depended on a writer. Although, clearly presented conception of the liberal punctuation gave the freedom to the creators of texts, it also influenced the text structure and incorrectly used punctuation, which let the reader or listener to the ambiguity and mistakenly interpreted meaning of a thought. Therefore, the liberty of a writer to choose the punctuating marks according to his point of view, in modern English grammar was replaced by the strict and concrete rules of punctuation. Analysing Lithuanian, on contrary, it might be said that the modern punctuation of this language were taught and used as a strict system of the rules, indicating the way of punctuating a text. Recent research, however, presented a â€Å"liberal tendency of the usage of punctuation.† (SpingytÄ— M. 2010:3)SpingytÄ— M. stated that â€Å"this liberation provided to the writer a possibility to correct the emotional weight of a sentence.† (2010:3) It was a choice of a writer to mark or emphasize a specific word or part of a sentence, which, according to him, might have some additional or influential meaning. However, there was a possibility that this kind of liberalisation might negatively affect the functions of separate punctuation marks. The liberal punctuation rules lessened the specific function of each punctuation mark, leaving a writer to decide which marking was better to be used. It might be stated that the liberal punctuation concentrated more on the intonation rather than grammatical structure of the sentence. This conclusion is based on an analysis of silent reading, which was more influenced by the visual usage of intonation and tone, and less- by the grammatical structure. The empirical data of the research.The primary resources of the bachelor paper are taken from the works: Expression of the Communicative Function of Language in Punctuation by SpingytÄ— M; Introduction to Theoretical Linguistics by Lyons J, and the Forsyte sagaby Galsworthy J. The examples used in the analysis of the punctuation marks are taken from Introduction to Theoretical Linguistics and the Forsyte saga, and their translations to the Lithuanian language. The structure of the research. The bachelor paper consists of the introduction, two main sections, conclusions and the references of the works used. The first part of the research introduces the reader to the two concepts of the punctuation, its variation and the application in the different fields of study. The first section contains the analysis of the punctuation marks from the traditional and modern points of view, i.e. the study of punctuation marks from rhetorical and grammatical fields, and their influence to the meaning of a context. The second part of the research paper provides the analysis on the system of punctuation, comparing the specific punctuation marks such as comma,dash and hyphen in English and Lithuanian languages, used in the texts of scientific and belles-lettres styles. The figures, presented in the second part were used to indicate the functions and the spread of their usage. Part I The major trends of punctuation Punctuation has been an inseparable part of written or spoken language. The punctuation marks, which served only as indicators of the elocution at the beginning of the fifteenth century, quickly influenced other parts of science: grammar, syntax and nowadays widely analysed field of the programming. Through centuries, the formed theories of the purpose and the usage of punctuation marks intrigued the experts and scientists of any language. The grammarians such as George Puttenham and Simon Daines were the first ones who provided the classification of the English punctuation marks from the rhetorical point of view in their works The Arte of English Poesie and Orthoepia Anglicana. The main purpose was to bring, at least, the basic order of punctuation marks, which were missed in the works of twelve century. The biggest merit was to be given to the grammarian Ben Johnson, who systemized the punctuation and provided its analysis from the syntactical point of view.This approach of the punctuation was used till the beginning of the twentieth century. Nevertheless, the Johnsons analysis had not provided a specific usage of marks; the writers used â€Å"commas with every subordinate clause and separable phrase.†(Encyclopaedia Britannica Punctuation in English since 16002008:85) T herefore, analyzing the texts of the middle and early modern English, the inordinate usage of the comma usually is found in those texts. Later decades brought more clarified analysis of the punctuation marks. The grammarians classified and structuralised the punctuation marks according to their purpose or functions. Punctuation became a significant part of structure and cohesion of any text. The deeper analysis of the text revived the interest of grammarians in punctuation not only from rhetorical point of view, but of grammatical as well. Punctuation became important attribute of grammar for the expression of thoughts and the correct understanding of meaning of a sentence. It did â€Å"conduce to make a written language more effective, by exhibiting with greater precision and definiteness the ideas, feelings and emotions of an author.† (Wilson J. A treatise on English punctuation 1856: 2) Therefore, the main aim of the writers was to inbreathe the same intonational expression and emotional influence to the written texts, which was used in the speech and oral communication. 1.1. Rhetorical tradition of punctuation Rhetoric was the oldest science that analysed a language from the oral perspective. Defined as â€Å"the Art of Persuasion†and â€Å"artistic use of language for the sake of aesthetic effects†(Jonge C. 2008:49), rhetoric also served as the guide to correct pronunciation and rhythm, used in speaking or the speech presentations. (Walker J. 1829: ii) Intonation, pitch, the length of pause, all these elements were classified as important features used in simple communication or presenting a speech. Moreover, they not only presented a language as a rhythmical system of sounds, they also provided additional information about the speech and the speaker himself. The rhetoricians believed that these â€Å"elements of language [were] physical: the noise words made and the rhythm of their relationship.† (Tredinnick M. Writing well 2008: 14) In other words, they had the ability to change the meaning of a sentence produced, when the pitch or tone was used incorrectly. Since the oral communication was the first human step towards the analysis of a language as a separate field, rhetoric had to carry two functions: to correct the prosody of oral language and to present the basic grammar, in this case- punctuation. The rhetoricians stated that the speech of any style provided to audience had to respond to five basic questions, also called cannons: a) inventio, b) dispositio, c) elocutio, d) memoria and e) pronuntiatio.† (NauckÃ…Â «naitÄ— 2000: 12) Each of the canons had specific function which was needed in order to express the thoughts in correct and beautiful manner of speaking. Inventio was used to gather and classify the material related to the topic. The speaker had to specify the information used in writing a speech. The term dispositio stood for the enunciation. Its purpose was to group the elements of language logically. Elocutio (style) served as the indicator of a speech presented. It was used as guiding line identifying a style of the written text and the correct grammatical usage of language. Memoria (memorization). Each speech, presented to the audience, needed to be learnt by heart. Pronuntiatio (speaking). The purpose of this canon was to present the speech in correct manner of articulation and gestures. A speaker had to pay attention to the intonation, pitch, tone of the speaking voice, especially, in order to convey the correct meaning of the thought; apart from the articulation, a speaker needed to use the gestures that convinced the meaning of a though expressed. The rhetoricians believed that, being correctly used, these canons could present the perfect creation of written or spoken work. However, rhetoric was used not only the elocution, it also involved the concrete cycle of transformation of a thought to a word. In other words, the silent or loud reading also was under the influence of the rhetoric. The reading itself was regarded as a â€Å"system of rules, which teaches us to pronounce written composition with justness, energy, variety, and ease†. (Walker J. 1829:39).Thus, it might be assumed that the reader needed to use a combination of rhetoric and grammar, in order to understand a text correctly, and to convey the correct meaning to the listener (if a text was read out loud). The rhetoric, mostly, the communication itself, involved every part of human life: â€Å"thought, language, voice and action.†(NauckÃ…Â «naitÄ— 2000:13) Although the main canons remained the same, passing decades brought some disagreements between the scholars who analysed the rhetoric. The rhetoricians were in the dilemma regarding the approach to a human and communication. These disagreements divided rhetoric into two groups: classical and modern rhetoric. (see Table 1) The followers of classical rhetoric believed that the main purpose of rhetoric was to persuade a listener; it meant to present the ideas, which were correct and kept as facts, until other, more persuasive, thoughts appeared. The information presented needed to be clear, correct and concrete, without any additional elements. The followers of modern rhetoric disagreed with the classicists. The modernists assumed that a text presented had to inform listeners or readers rather than to persuade them. The communication with the audience was the requirement; the information presented needed to imply some feelings to the audience. Modernists believed that great influence of any speech resided not only in its structure or the specific information, but also in the manner of its presentation. It might be said that the modernists had found a more delicate way to control the attention of a listener or larger audience. Table 1. The differences in classical and modern rhetoric Though, the approach of human and communication in the rhetoric confronted disagreements between the scientists, the function of punctuation was clearly defined:†the chief reason for punctuating: to clarify the intent structure of language that would-or simply might-otherwise be confusing or misleading.† (Lauchman R. Punctuation at Work 2002:24) In rhetoric, however, punctuation was used for a wider purpose. In order to present stylistically correct and â€Å"living† sentences or text, the punctuation concentrated on the speech patterns such as pitch, tone or intonation. Each mark had to fulfil a specific function that would help the reader or speaker to produce the texts more naturally, i.e. to inbreathe the exact or, at least, similar sound of a tones or pitch used in the oral communication. Moreover, the punctuation marks provided the meaning of the finished thought or showed the need of additional information as well as indicated the type or the functions of th e sentences. For instance, the full stop showed the end of a sentence, which had the falling tone. The thought was finished, and had no additional meaning. The question mark, on the contrary, introduced the reader to the rising tone and intonation, and showed the need of additional information form the different speaker. Though, each punctuation mark was important in the reading and understanding any written text, comma, dash and hyphen were widely used in rhetorical punctuation. 1.1.1. Comma and intonation Communication was inseparable part of human life. It helped to understand others, read their actions, or simply to exchange the information with each other. Writing as well as speaking had the same purpose: to present any information to a reader. However, the complication arose: the most of the aspects of a language used in speaking were not â€Å"as well represented in writing: the rises and falls in pitch, the accents, the pauses, the rhythm, the variations in voice quality— all of them features of sound that contributed significantly to speaking but that writing showed haphazardly if at all.†(Chafe W. 1989:1) Thus, the main purpose of the usage of punctuation was to present the visual equivalent to the spoken language in order to show the correct tone or intonation used in the sentence. The missed or misplaced punctuation mark often led to the misinterpretation of the meaning. The equal misinterpretation of a meaning depended on the rhythm, i.e. the stress marks and the length of syllables. Intonation itself strongly effected the communication; the correct function of information depended on the manner of its utterance. The linguists noticed that people â€Å"more violently react to intonational meanings than to lexical ones.† (Hewings M. Tone Choice in the English Intonation of Non-Native Speakers 1995: 251) It might be stated that the information presented to the audience usually was under the influence of intonation. Pitch, rising or falling tones began to play the significant role in the quality of any spoken text. A speaker needed to pay attention not only on spoken text, but also to control his voice level and the length of pauses between the words. The scientists of phonetics noticed that the variations in a spoken activity were influenced by several external factors: environment, the rank of people spoken to and the audience to which information was presented. Through the careful analysis of speech activities, the scientists noticed the three styles of pronunciation: formal, careful colloquial, and rapid familiar. Formal style of pronunciation was used to â€Å"reading, reciting, speaking before larger audience, at ceremonies, or delivering an academic lecture.† (Hoppe R. 2004: 20) The careful colloquial style had medium tempo and used the assimilations. This style was used in â€Å"every-day conversations, when talking to the official persons or strangers.†( Hoppe R. 2004: 20) The rapid familiar style was expressed in â€Å"rapid conversations: speaking with friends, in the family, or in the pub.† (Hoppe R. 2004: 20) This style used fast speed, the assimilations and reductions. The speech spoken in rapid tempo lessened the length of a pause in a sentence; this led listeners not only to the misunderstanding of the whole information, but also to the annoyance towards the speaker because the information spoken in rapid manner was hard to follow. The slow speaking, on the contrary, extended the length of pauses and they lost main function. A speech or presented text became monotonic and hard to follow, as well as influenced the variation of tone; the long pauses changed the structure of sentence. Therefore, in order to control the length and structure of the sentences, punctuation was used. It might be stated that comma was the most widely used punctuation mark in rhetoric. The main function of this mark was to present the pauses between the words and to indicate a type of tone or intonation used in a sentence. The changes of intonation depended on the place of comma used in a sentence. In other words, comma separated the words from them to running to other parts of a sentence influencing their changes of intonation. To present the deeper analysis of the tone and intonational variations, the sentences from Galsworthy J. work The Forsyte Saga and its translation into Lithuanian by Irena BalÄ iunienÄ— were chosen. The visual presentation of the flow and the alteration of the tone and intonation of sentences were analysed using the special markingâ€Å'. (see Table 2) Table 2. The symbols used for the transcription of the pronunciation The symbol The purpose of usage. â€Å' à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ long pause à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ short pause low falling melod