Correlation Between Family and Domestic Violence

Correlation Between Family and Domestic Violence Assessment Task 1 The following essay is a discussion of the correlation between family and domestic violence and impacts this has on mental health. Authoritative journal articles which form the basis of evidence-based practice will be used to discuss the impact of domestic violence on mental health taking into consideration bio psychosocial factors influencing domestic violence and mental health for adults and children. This essay will discuss nurses role that identified holistic and consumer-oriented recovery approach by using effective therapeutic communication and it will be also focusing on nursing professional boundaries that recognize a range of nursing assessment and legal responsibility. Domestic violence is one of the main factors of mental health issues that affect the psychosocial well- being of thousands of families a year (Healey, 2014). Domestic violence is defined as occurring when an abused person within an intimate relationship is intimidated, threatened or controlled by the abusing partner (O’Brian et al, 2013). Domestic violence includes emotional, psychological, physical, sexual and economic abuse (Healey, 2014). Amnesty International Australia (2013) identified that in the majority of cases, women and children are the victims of domestic violence. Children experience trauma witnessing violence in the family, which can have a prolonged psychological effect (Amnesty International Australia, 2013) for example, children living where they witness that their father abusing the mother on daily basis, can result in an aggressive mentality towards women. O’ Brian et al., (2013) stated that domestic violence can also occur between female on male, and between same-sex couples. There are many types of family structure including single parent families, same sex parents’ families, nuclear families and blended families. For the purpose of this essay, the main focus will be on the correlation between on the family members and domestic violence and the impact this has the mental health of the mother, father, and child. According to O’Brian et al., (2013) men are more likely to be the act of continuous, physical and sexual abuse whereas women are more likely to exhibit emotional abuse. In terms of the impact of domestic violence on mental health, there is a consensus among the literature which indicates similar feelings and experiences of men and women which include fear and loss of feelings of safety, feelings of guilt and shame, anxiety, unresolved anger, loneliness and isolation and depression. Although, the physical and psychological issue is common in domestic violence, psychological abuse has long-term adverse effec t on victim’s well-being (Ramsay et al., 2012). In domestic violence studies, physically and sexually assaulted women have a high rate of depression which leads to post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) (Lacey et al., 2013). Most of the studies mainly focus on female victim; the main reason behind violence against men goes unreported due to fear of humiliation from the society and lack of available support group for men (Dirjber, Reijnders, Ceelen, 2013). Studies found that men are experiencing less physical assault; however, mostly they face emotional, psychological and verbal abuse (Day et al., 2009). Although, men and women experiencing domestic violence differently; the long-term impact are same which associate with different mental disorder such as dysthymia, anxiety disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, bipolar affective disorder, depression, schizophrenia and non-affective psychosis (Trevillion et al., 2012). Growing up in the violent environment, children will hav e less attachment with their parents and antisocial behavior later on their life (Herrenkohl et al., 2011; Bailey Eisikovits, 2014). Lanius, Vermetten and Pain (2010) stated that physical abuse is one of the major factors of childhood trauma which lead to risk for psychiatric morbidity. The conflict between partners, not only affected their relationship it also impacts on mental status of their children. Health professional spend more time to assess their patient, which allowed them to identify patients problems and determined to choose the best action for the recovery. Wright, Sparks and O’Hair (2013) have identified that the verity of assessment is the main tool to connect and communicate with the patient to detect key problems. Hungerford et al., (2015) have stated that the assessment determines what patient experiencing and how these experience affecting them. It can be only possible when health professional build therapeutic communication with the patient. A bio psychosocial approach brings together all the aspects to avoid conflicts which consider biological, psychological and social dimensions (Hungerford et al., 2015; Melchert, 2010). According to Sadigh (2013) a bio psychosocial assessment useful to get past and current information, and look for patients’ future condition. Therefore, this identifies patients past and present issues and encourage them to discuss about what changes that they would like to make to recover from those issues. Person-centred care is an approach which involves patient and their families’ decisions to assure most appropriate need (Clissett at al., 2013; Hungerford et al., 2015). When health professional taking person-centred care approaches, they have to consider patients own decision about how they wish to receive. It is also important that health professional should not prejudge to the mental health patient and build trusting relationship by applying therapeutic communication (Hungerford et al., 2015). Nursing consideration is all about gathering more information from the client, by using various types of assessment and communication techniques. It is also important for the nurse to aware patients’ age, gender, religion, employment status and relationship with their family or partners. Townsend (2015) described that a therapeutic interpersonal relationship is the nursing process, where psychiatric nurse focuses to get more information from the patient in various mental health setting. A therapeutic interpersonal relationship classified in four phases: the interaction phase, the orientation phase, the working phase and the termination phase. In preinteraction phase nurse prepare for first meeting with the client, during orientation phase nurse create environment to establish trust with the client, working phase nurse maintain trust promoting clients’ insight and perception, and termination phase evaluate client condition for the further assessment. According to Townsend (2015) while implementing therapeutic interpersonal relationship, nurse must be aware of the boundaries in nurse and client relationship; which includes: materials, social, personal and professional boundaries that allow nurses to recognise acceptable limit. For example, touching clients provide them comfort and encouragement as nature of nursing care; however, nurse must considerate professional bounda ries and apply appropriate non-verbal communication. Nurse must maintain the professional relationship towards client instead of personal relationship; i.e. romantic, sexual, or other similar personal relationship is not appropriate between nurse and client. Every individual patient have their own triggers, the nurse must understand and implement accordingly. Although, mental health assessment considers all aspect of the patient, each time it should occur when health professional interaction with the patient (Hungerford et al., 2015). Mental state examination (MSE), clinical risk assessment, and suicidal assessment are the most common assessment mental health (Hungerford et al 2015). Mental state examination is the fundamental factor of patients’ assessment, clinical risk assessment identifies potential risk and minimized the level of risk (Szmukler and Rose, 2013) and suicidal assessment include variety of interventions to assure patients safety and encourage better health. Every state has their own mental health assessment and framework, whereas New South Wales implemented the Mental Health Outcomes and Assessment Tools (MH-OAT) to measure the effectiveness of the health care provided (NSW Health, 2013). MH-OAT includes MSE, substance use, physical examination, family history and development history (Hungerford et al 2015). MH-OAT helps health professionals to work effectively and efficiently by ensuring NSW meet National Standard of Mental Health Care and which provide standard clinical document that include triage, assessment, care plan, review and discharge (NSW Government Health, 2014). According to the Australian Collage of Mental Health Nurses (2013) standard practice provide practical benchmark which minimise level of performance for register nurses in mental health setting; this includes 9 standard practices which are: acknowledging cultural diversity, establishing collaborative partnership, developing therapeutic communication, values other s takeholders contribution, reduce stigma, demonstrate evidence-based practice, practice common law and specialist qualifications. It is very important that nurses must familiar with the legal and ethical context of mental health care. In Australia, each state has its own mental health legislation which known as ‘Mental Health Act (MHA)’; MHA protect as individual and community by emphasising on providing right treatment in least restrictive environment (Hungerford et al 2015). In conclusion, this essay successfully correlated between family and domestic violence which lead to various mental health problems by giving perfect example of affected family. It discussed major mental health priorities and strategies such as effective therapeutic communications, therapeutic interrelationship, person-centre approach and bio psychosocial approach which reduce conflict and minimize potential risk for themselves and patients. It also explained the importance of the nursing assessments and legislations for the nurses. References Amnesty International Australia. (2013, July 19). Mythbusting violence against women. Retrieved from www.amnesty.org.au. Bailey, B., Eisikovits, Z. (2014). Violently reactive women and their relationship with their abusive mother. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, doi: 10.1177/0886260514549463, 1-24. Clissett, P., Porock, D., Harwood, R. H., Gladman, J. R. (2013). The challenges of achieving person-centred care in acute hospitals: A qualitative study of people with dementia and their families. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 50(11), 1495-1503. Day, A., OLeary, P., Chung, D., Justo, D. (2009). Domestic Violence Working with Men: research, practice experiences and integrated responses. Leichardt, NSW, Australia: The Federation Press. Dirjber, B. C., Reijnders, U. J. L., Ceelen, M. (2013). Male victim of domestic violence. Journal of Family Violence, 28(2), 173-178. Healey, J. (2014). Domestic and family violence. Balmain, NSW: The Spinney Press. Herrenkohl, T. I., Moylan, C. A., Tajima, E. A., Klika, J. B., Herrenkohl, R. C., Russo, M. J. (2011). Longitudinal Study on the Effects of Child Abuse and Children’s Exposure to Domestic Violence, Parent-Child Attachments, and Antisocial Behavior in Adolescence. Journal of interpersonal violence, 26(1), 111-136. Hungerford, C., Hodgson, D., Clancy, R., Monisse-Redman, M., Bostwick, R., Jones, T. (2015). Mental Health Care: An Introduction for Health Professionals in Australia (2nd ed.). Retrieved from http://online.vitalsource.com/books/9780730317487/epubcfi/6/62. Lacey, K. K., McPherson, M. D., Samuel, P. S., Sears, K. P., Head, D. (2013). The Impact of Different Types of Intimate Partner Violence on the Mental and Physical Health of Women. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 28(2), 359-385. Lanius, R. A., Vermetten, E., Pain, C. (2010). The Impact of Early Life Trauma on Health and Disease: The Hidden Epidemic. United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. Melchert, T. P. (2010). The growing need for a unified biopsychosocial approach in mental health care. Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences, 5(1), 356-361. NSW Government Health. (2014, August 28). MH-OAT for Mental Health Professionals. Retrieved from http://www.health.nsw.gov.au/mhdao/DM/Pages/professionals.aspx NSW Health. (2013, October 30). MH-OAT for Mental Health Professionals. Retrieved from http://www.health.nsw.gov.au/mhdao/mhprof_mhoat.asp O Brian, K.L., Cohen, L., Pooley, J. A., Taylor, M. F. (2013). Lifting the Domestic Violence Cloak of Silence: Resilient Australian Women’s Reflected Memories of their Childhood Experiences of Witnessing Domestic Violence. Journal of Family Violence, 28(1), 95-108. Ramsay, J., Rutterford, C., Gregory, A., Dunne, D., Eldridge, S., Sharp, D., Feder, G. (2012, Sep). Domestic violence:knowledge, attitudes, and clinical practice of selected UK primary healthcare clinicians. British Journal ofGeneralPractice, 1(1), 647-655. Sadigh, M. R. (2013). Development of the biopsychosocial model of medicine. Virtual Mentor, 15(4), 362-365. Szmukler, G., Rose, N. (2013). Risk assessment in mental health care: Values and costs. Behavioral Sciences the Law, 31(1), 125-140. The Australian Collage of Mental Health Nurses. (2013). Standards of Practice in Mental Health Nursing. Retrieved from http://www.acmhn.org/publications/standards-of-practice Townsend, M. (2015). Psychiatric Mental Health Nursing: Concepts of Care in Evidence-Based Practice (8th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: F. A. Davis Company. Trevillion, K., Oram, S., Feder, G., Howard, L. M. (2012). Experiences of Domestic Violence and Mental Disorders: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. PLoS ONE, 7(12), e51740. Wright, K., Sparks, L., OHair, D. (2013). Health Communication in the 21st Century (2nd ed.). New York: Wiley-Blackwell.

System Integrity and Validation Kudler Foods

This company has established a new accounting information system to assist in all three stores. As part of this system, this firm recommends utilizing audit productivity software to enhance the system already recommended by this firm. Using audit productivity software will decrease the time necessary to audit the accounts as this will now be computerized. This will also increase profitability by decreasing money and time spent in the audit process and Kudler will be able to make alterations to the process more quickly than if audits were handled manually.Another recommendation by this firm would be the installation of continuous audit software that would continually monitor the data being input into the system. This would increase the effectiveness of auditing the stores. With the continuous audit software, Kudler would be able to follow-up on any abnormalities earlier as this software runs automatically. This would assist Kudler in handling any fraud issues that might arise as well. System Integrity and ValidationKudler Fine Foods hired this corporation to establish a new electronic data system to handle the accounting and inventory needs of the company. As part of the proposal, this company will recommend ways to audit the information that the system creates. Once the data has been input into the system, audit procedures can take place to ensure the information is correct and that the company is performing well. This company will help Kudler establish audit processes for each area of the business.As Kudler moves forward with the new automated accounting software as recommended earlier, it is important that an auditing process be established also. Since the accounting process has been converted to an accounting information system, computerized audit productivity software needs to be established as well. This will increase the productivity and profitability of Kudler because the data used by either internal auditors or external auditors can be more quickly obta ined and analyzed than doing the process manually. Kudler will need to determine which software works best for the needs of the company.Electronic work papers have many features to evaluate which include the importing of data, the analysis of that data, being able to export this data to excel or other formats, and automatically generating the working papers at the conclusion of the audit. All the recommendations for Kudler Foods are to make the company more profitable and automated. Computer assisted auditing techniques (CAATs) â€Å"assist auditors in obtaining sufficient, reliable, relevant, and useful evidence to support predefined audit objectives† (Hunton, p.184). It is important that Kudler audit the accounts even though the company is not a publically held company. As outlined previously, this company recommends different auditing techniques depending on the area being audited, but highly recommends the findings and recommendations audit to ensure that the new system i s operating appropriately and the information is accurate. There are 10 key steps in the CAATs system that range from planning and implementation to documenting in the work papers.With each audit, it is critical that the auditor know what information is being looked for so when the data is accumulated, the auditor will understand the data and know if it is accurate. The auditor will work closely with the accounting personnel at Kudler to determine the objective of the audit. Based on the objective, the correct auditing format will be chosen. The ISACA Standards Board has issued guidelines governing the use of CAATs and provides guidance to the auditors. There are two categories of techniques that CAATs is used for.The first is to validate the application integrity, â€Å"the objective being to determine whether the source code has been compromised, either intentionally or unintentionally† (Hunton, p. 188). Tests might be run with a parallel simulation to determine if the soft ware is working properly. In this situation, the auditor will create a test set of data and run the auditing techniques against that data. If the system creates the expected set of data, then the system is working as it should. The second category is to verify the data integrity.This technique centers around data extraction and analysis to ensure the data is imported and exported correctly. With using an automated system, Kudler auditors can pull all the information and test for accuracy or abnormalities instead of only being able to pull a sample of the data. These two techniques help to validate the testing that will occur against the real data being reviewed for Kudler Foods. The CAATs is also used to detect any type of fraud that is occurring within the company.By using an automated accounting system along with the automated auditing system, Kudler has the ability to review 100% of the data and locate duplicates and gaps in the data. By using an automated system, Kudler can not only validate the integrity of the application and data, but also determine what could possibly be missing. A continuous audit technique might be one choice to consider for Kudler as it might work well for detecting fraud. A continue audit would be a program that is imbedded within the software that will look for things outside the norm. This would enable Kudler to find erroneous information faster.According to investopidia (2013), a continuous audit is â€Å"an auditing process that examines accounting practices continuously throughout the year. Continuous audits are usually technology-driven and designed to automate error checking and data verification in real time. A continuous audit driven system generates alarm triggers that provide advance notice about anomalies and errors detected by the system. † By using the continuous audit, this could be a time saver not only in auditing but in detecting the issues within the system and correcting them more quickly. System Integrity and Validation Kudler Foods Summary of RecommendationsThis company has established a new accounting information system to assist in all three stores. As part of this system, this firm recommends utilizing audit productivity software to enhance the system already recommended by this firm. Using audit productivity software will decrease the time necessary to audit the accounts as this will now be computerized. This will also increase profitability by decreasing money and time spent in the audit process and Kudler will be able to make alterations to the process more quickly than if audits were handled manually.Another recommendation by this firm would be the installation of continuous audit software that would continually monitor the data being input into the system. This would increase the effectiveness of auditing the stores. With the continuous audit software, Kudler would be able to follow-up on any abnormalities earlier as this software runs automatically. This would assist Kudler in handling any fraud issues that might arise as well. System Integrity and ValidationKudler Fine Foods hired this corporation to establish a new electronic data system to handle the accounting and inventory needs of the company. As part of the proposal, this company will recommend ways to audit the information that the system creates. Once the data has been input into the system, audit procedures can take place to ensure the information is correct and that the company is performing well. This company will help Kudler establish audit processes for each area of the business.As Kudler moves forward with the new automated accounting software as recommended earlier, it is important that an auditing process be established also. Since the accounting process has been converted to an accounting information system, computerized audit productivity software needs to be established as well. This will increase the productivity and profitability of Kudler because the data used by either internal auditors or external auditor s can be more quickly obtained and analyzed than doing the process manually. Kudler will need to determine which software works best for the needs of the company.Electronic work papers have many features to evaluate which include the importing of data, the analysis of that data, being able to export this data to excel or other formats, and automatically generating the working papers at the conclusion of the audit. All the recommendations for Kudler Foods are to make the company more profitable and automated. Computer assisted auditing techniques (CAATs) â€Å"assist auditors in obtaining sufficient, reliable, relevant, and useful evidence to support predefined audit objectives† (Hunton, p.184). It is important that Kudler audit the accounts even though the company is not a publically held company. As outlined previously, this company recommends different auditing techniques depending on the area being audited, but highly recommends the findings and recommendations audit to en sure that the new system is operating appropriately and the information is accurate. There are 10 key steps in the CAATs system that range from planning and implementation to documenting in the work papers.With each audit, it is critical that the auditor know what information is being looked for so when the data is accumulated, the auditor will understand the data and know if it is accurate. The auditor will work closely with the accounting personnel at Kudler to determine the objective of the audit. Based on the objective, the correct auditing format will be chosen. The ISACA Standards Board has issued guidelines governing the use of CAATs and provides guidance to the auditors. There are two categories of techniques that CAATs is used for.The first is to validate the application integrity, â€Å"the objective being to determine whether the source code has been compromised, either intentionally or unintentionally† (Hunton, p. 188). Tests might be run with a parallel simulatio n to determine if the software is working properly. In this situation, the auditor will create a test set of data and run the auditing techniques against that data. If the system creates the expected set of data, then the system is working as it should. The second category is to verify the data integrity.This technique centers around data extraction and analysis to ensure the data is imported and exported correctly. With using an automated system, Kudler auditors can pull all the information and test for accuracy or abnormalities instead of only being able to pull a sample of the data. These two techniques help to validate the testing that will occur against the real data being reviewed for Kudler Foods. The CAATs is also used to detect any type of fraud that is occurring within the company.By using an automated accounting system along with the automated auditing system, Kudler has the ability to review 100% of the data and locate duplicates and gaps in the data. By using an automat ed system, Kudler can not only validate the integrity of the application and data, but also determine what could possibly be missing. A continuous audit technique might be one choice to consider for Kudler as it might work well for detecting fraud. A continue audit would be a program that is imbedded within the software that will look for things outside the norm. This would enable Kudler to find erroneous information faster.According to investopidia (2013), a continuous audit is â€Å"an auditing process that examines accounting practices continuously throughout the year. Continuous audits are usually technology-driven and designed to automate error checking and data verification in real time. A continuous audit driven system generates alarm triggers that provide advance notice about anomalies and errors detected by the system. † By using the continuous audit, this could be a time saver not only in auditing but in detecting the issues within the system and correcting them mor e quickly.

Schools Providing Contraception For Children - 1530 Words

Schools Providing Contraception When a teenage girl sees that small pink plus sign on a pregnancy test, many things begin to run through her mind. â€Å"What am I going to tell my parents and boyfriend? How is this going to affect me? How will my friends and family react? What about my education and future? How did this happen to me? What could I have done to prevent this?† Most teenagers have sex without being protected. Whether they’re embarrassed or afraid of being seen, it results in a lot of teenage pregnancies. However, there is a way teenage girls can get the needed protection without being seen or embarrassed. High schools should provide condoms, birth control, sex education classes, and individual counseling to students who ask for them, thus giving private access to the students who need it. The National Conference of State Legislatures (NCSL) states: â€Å"birth control is a term that includes all methods used to regulate or prevent the birth of children. 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Currently, the argument surrounding birth control is whether or not the government should be providing it at little

Bury My Heart At Wounded Knee And Manifest Destiny

Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee and Manifest Destiny Amanda Grav Manifest Destiny could be described as the European-White Man’s belief that they were destined to settle the land that now accounts for America. In Dee Brown’s telling, he describes the relationships of the Native Americans, the settlers of the states, and the United States government in a factual, yet emotional description. In Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee, his stance is explained, as well as the background for his story. Accounts of life have been retold thousands of times from the perspective of traders, ranchers, wagon trains and gold-seekers; the story that oftentimes fails to be told, is that of the American Indian. Brown’s outline of the position of diverse western tribes in 1860 does not include a description of their fates thirty years later. However, by focusing not on the steady growth of white civilization westward from the Atlantic Coast but on the equally steady decline of Indian civilization, Brown signals his intent to make his history of the West tragic rather than celebratory. This focus on the fate of the Indians of the West was very unusual; Brown’s book was one of the first histories of the West to give its readers the American Indians’ perspective on how the West was won or, as he would probably say, how the West was lost. Readers learn of General Carleton’s ferocity against the Indians and his great hunger for tribal land and the minerals found on it. This, together with the settling ofShow MoreRelatedBury My Heart At Wounded Knee Essay1490 Words   |  6 PagesThe book Bury my Heart at Wounded Knee was written by Dee Brown. Dee Brown wrote a handful of books and the central theme around those books were tales of Native Americans and civil war stories. 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Freedom, dignity, trust, love, and honesty in relationships have always been among the goals of human beings, and the same principles that brought about those outcomes in the eleventh century still bring them about in the twenty-first century. Despite our circumstances, in other words, and despite the technological resources we have available to us, the same basic human skills still lie at the heart of effective human

The Roaring 20 s Era Of Growth And Reform - 1309 Words

The era of the 1920s, also known as the Roaring 20’s, was a revolutionary time in which radical changes struck the American nation, drastically increasing advances in society and economy. New and different forms of dance, music, clothing, behavior, and lifestyle were developed nationwide. The Antebellum Period in the late 1700s increased rebellion, similar to the Roaring 20’s era of growth and reform. As this time period brought profound changes, conflict, cultural excitement, and experimentation, the population of America was experiencing an alteration in social values. The American pride, similar to the pride we had when separating from the British, was still alive as independence and freedom was strongly rebelled for. The Roaring 20’s depicted the growing independence of the American public as the promised result of cultural excitement with the usage of alcohol, experimentation with labor strikes, conflict over ones rights, and change in the prosperity of the nation, was much linked to and differed from the Temperance movement, Labor movement, Suffrage movement, and the Industrial Revolution. As lavish parties with flapper girls, jazz music, suited-up men, cigars, and alcohol were thrown during the era, cultural excitement was at its peak. The 1920’s was a highlighted era in which drinking was a social trend. Both, men and women drank in parties as they danced the night away. Liquor was handed out often and was the center of excitement. There were numerous clubs and partyShow MoreRelatedAre The Rich Taxed Enough?1264 Words   |  6 Pages201 they are taxed at the max of $119,996.25 plus the 39% for every cent after that. 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The Importance of Marriage Free Essays

Running head: MARRIAGE AS AN INSTITUTION The Importance of Marriage Ana Vertz PS301 Mrs. Kathy Erickson August 30, 2009 The Importance of Marriage From Colonial times to present marriage has been an integral part of American culture. The importance is has been evident in that it is one of the few institutions that started with the country and is still very popular. We will write a custom essay sample on The Importance of Marriage or any similar topic only for you Order Now What makes marriage an important institution? This paper will discuss the perceptions of the importance of marriage for men and women, children’s influence in the marriage relationship, the links between psychological distress and martial conflict, attitude towards same sex marriages and the effects of cohabitation and marriage commitment. The first section of this paper examines the importance of marriage from male and female perspectives. Research from the National Survey of Families and Households suggested the following trends: Men and women both feel that marriage is more important to men; women view marriage as optional for both men and women for having a satisfying life; women are more likely to think that men cannot have a satisfying life without marriage; youthful and more educated individuals are less likely to put emphasis on marriage; religious individuals and those married who have children predominantly more inclined to think that men nor women can have fulfilling lives without the institution of marriage. Research from the National Survey listed above also suggests that men get a greater benefit from marriage than do women as stated below from a study conducted on whether or not men need a spouse and the importance of marriage. In the article entitled â€Å"Do Men â€Å"Need† a Spouse more than Women? : Perceptions of The Importance of Marriage for Men and Women† the authors state: â€Å"As Nock (1998:3) states, â€Å"Men reap greater gains than women for virtually every outcome affected by marriage. Research results showing the greater benefit of marriage for men than for women on many dimensions, particularly physical and mental health (Bernard 1972; Grove 1973; Waite and Gallagher 2000), together with research has shown that women provide â€Å"kin-keeping† benefits to men by strengthening their relationships with their children and other relatives (Cooney and Uhlenberg 1990; Rossi and Rossi 1990), have led many to argue that it is men who â€Å"need† marriage more than women. This view is particularly prevalent among theorists of family who focus on its economic dimensions. By implication, they posit marriage to be a â€Å"normal good† for men but an â€Å"inferior good† for women when they argue that increased earnings lead men to â€Å"buy onto† family roles (Becker 1991; Cherlin 1992) while women use theirs to â€Å"buy out† of marriage (Espenshade 1985; Westoff 1986). † In many ways this research supports the fact that marriage meets the need of a man better than that of a woman. Next we will look at research conducted from the female perspective. An excerpt from the same article states: â€Å"The growth of female labor force participation that accelerated in the 1960’s (Goldin 1990), however, appeared to many observers to undermine what were by then conventional reasons for women to marry (Westoff 1986). As a result, women were thought to be questioning the desirability of a domestic life (Friedan 1962) and coming to believe that â€Å"women’s marriage† was less desirable than â€Å"men’s marriage† (Bernard 1972). Feminist theory has reinforced the notion that women and men face very different experiences in the family life and hence have different experiences in family life and hence have different interest’s vis-a-vis family roles, which are said to favor men (Ferree 1990). The benefits of simply â€Å"trading† housework for men’s wages (the basis for the economic argument) have declined, given the longer-term costs in terms of career development and the higher risks imposed by the increase in divorce (Thomson and Walker 1995), and the fact that wives’ expected role has added employment to their traditional household tasks (Hochschild 1989; DeVault 1990). Hence, modern women may have had more reason than men to reevaluate what they might gain from marriage. These speculations are at least partially reinforced by some research that does suggest men expect to benefit more from marriage than do women. The analyses of shifting attitudes make it plausible that men place more importance on marriage than women. While most people believe that the married are happier than those who are not married, this belief is more likely to be held by men than women (Axinn nd Thornton 2000). Indeed, women are more likely to disagree than men that it is better to be married than single (Thornton and Young-DeMArco 2001). These gender differences suggest that women, at least, are less sure that marriage is important, and they are likely to be thinking more about their own situation as women than about men’s. Therefore, we expect that in the 1990’s, men and women will see marriage as more necessary for men than women. These considerations, together with the paucity of research that addresses the question of who needs to be married more, men or women, motivate our research (Kaufman and Goldscheider, 2007). The above referenced article shows evidence that the more learned put off marriage, have less children and view family roles as less important. (This is based in relation to expectations to themselves and their children living in early adulthood). Spiritual or religious associations have also been connected across a vast array of family domains with grater support for the family. These religious cultures encourage marriage, martial stability, especially non-approval of non-martial child bearing, and encouragement for traditional descriptions of marriage. In looking at the importance of marriage from the viewpoint of male and female research conducted for this paper suggest that men and women view marriage as more important to men than women. (Kaufman and Goldscheider, 2007) Children’s Influence in the Marriage Relationship In the article â€Å"Children’s Influence in the Marriage Relationship† the research shows that there are reciprocal effects between children and marriage. The emotional security theory suggests that exposure to martial conflicts improves children’s negative emotions, resulting in emotional insecurity. This emotional insecurity promotes children’s impulses to go between, run away from or in other forms lessens the occurrence of martial discord. (Schermerhorn, Cummings, Mark, DeCarlo, Davies, Patrick, 2007) The article goes on to state: â€Å"Attempts to reduce exposure to discord indicate that the goal of preserving emotional security us activated, serving as a mechanism by which children maintain or achieve emotional security. The first two aims of the present article are to investigate reciprocity between the child and the martial system, including examination of both the influence of martial conflict on the child and child behavioral responses that influence martial functioning. † (Schermerhorn, Cummings, Mark, DeCarlo, Davies, Patrick, 2007) From the research we can see that children are more likely to be negatively impacted by martial discord. Many times the child resorts to mediation to help fix the problems. Overall the findings of my research showed that children engage in behaviors to by some means reduce discord between parents. This in return reduces the child’s exposure family threats. Another behavioral response is Behavioral dysregulation (i. e. , acts of verbal or physical aggression, misbehavior, or hurting oneself). Clinic literature indicates that discord in marriages corresponds to children’s behavior problems including aggressive behavior. Some have suggested that this behavior may show a taking on of the marriages problem to them self in demonstrating agentic behavior. This, from the child’s perspective, would distract parents from marital difficulties giving the child’s negative behavior a purpose to reduce martial discord over time. Schermerhorn, Cummings, Mark, DeCarlo, Davies, Patrick, 2007) The study also showed the effects on psychological adjustment. An excerpt from the article states: â€Å"The third aim of this study is to examine relations between children’s behavioral responses to martial discord and their adjustment. In one of the few studies examini ng this link, Patenaude (2000) found that for girls who believed they could control interparental conflict by engaging in parent-protecting behaviors, higher martial conflict was associated with better adjustment. In contrast, for boys believing in a parentified role in the martial relationship, higher martial conflict was associated with more internalized sysmptoms, albeit non-significantly. † (Schermerhorn, Cummings, Mark, DeCarlo, Davies, Patrick, 2007) The research I conducted on children next suggests that when children react in a proactive nature to interparental discord by attempting to mediate, conflict in fact decrease over time. Even though negative behavior is a form of insecurity concerning the marriage relationship, the present study suggests that children’s usage of negative attitudes and behavior as a constructive coping strategy can actually provide help towards reducing marital discord. In contrast to proactive behavior, children’s negative behavior was linked with more destructive interparental relations over a period of time. It is likely that these behaviors by children don’t take their parents attention away from the marital discord but actually contribute to it by increasing conflict. However the method of the child’s associates is unsure. The outcome of a child’s behavior may be best understood by looking at each situation. For example, parents who are able to see that the child is trying to help may be more inclined to decrease conflict. It’s not that the child solves the parent’s dilemma, but that the child’s actions allow the parent to see the child’s suffering and discomfort. This may guide parent’s ability to solve problems than the child’s ability to constructively cope with the situation. It is not suggested that children should become actively engaged in marital discord because there are findings that show children’s helping behavior can contribute to children’s depression. (Schermerhorn, Cummings, Mark, DeCarlo, Davies, Patrick, 2007) We will next discuss psychological distress and martial conflict in the home. References Avery, A. , Chase, J. , Johansson, L. (2007). America’s changing attitudes towards homosexuality, civil unions, and same-gender marriage: 1977-2004. Social Work, 52(1), 71-79. Fowers, B. , Lyons, E. , Montel, K. , Shaked, N. (2001, March). Positive illusions about marriage among married and single individuals. Journal of Family Psychology, 15(1), 95-109. Retrieved September 01, 2009, doi:10. 1037/0893-3200. 15. 1. 95 Kaufman, G. , Goldscheider, F. (2007). Do men ‘need’ a spouse more than women? : Perceptions of the importance of marriage for men and women. Sociological Quarterly, 48(1), 29-46. Papp, L. M. , Goeke-Morey, M. C. , Cummings, M. E. (2007). Linkages between spouses’ psychological distress and marital conflict in the home. Journal of Family Psychology, 21(3), 533-537. Rhoades, G. K. , Stanley, S. M. , Markman, H. J. (2006). Pre-engagement Cohabitation and Gender Asymmetry in Marital Commitment. Journal of Family Psychology, 20(4), 553-560. Schermerhorn, A. C. , Cummings, M. E. , DeCarlo, C. A. (2007). Children’s influence in the marital relationship. Journal of Family Psychology, 21(2), 259-269. Stolz, L. (1941, October). Review of Family BehaviorModern Marriage, and Modern Marriage. The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 36(4), 608-610. Retrieved September 01, 2009, doi:10. 1037/h0052788 Neubeck, G. (1959, Sum). Review of Why Marriages Go Wrong. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 6(2), 168-169. Retrieved September 01, 2009, doi:10. 1037/h0039159 How to cite The Importance of Marriage, Papers

Personnel Management at Datapool Pte Ltd

Question: Discuss about thePersonnel Management at Datapool Pte Ltd. Answer: Introduction DP Information Group is a company that managing business and credit information bureau. Datapool (S) Pte Ltd is part of DP Information Group, which is expertise in the field credit management and debt collection (dpgroup.com). Datapool has abundant experience of recover corporate and consumer debts and manage account receivable for financial institutions, telecommunication service providers and many others industry. Datapool provide the arrangement of cash management and consultancy services like overseas debt collection, legal consultancy, field visit and collection expertise, and also negative list posting to DP SME Commercial Credit Bureau. This paper presents a job analysis, recruitment and selection plan for the company for the post of credit collection officer. Job Analysis HR manager is responsible for ensuring that proper human resource demand and supply is managed within organization, without any oversupply or under supply for workforce. Job analysis is the first step to evaluate job requirements, this process involves analysis of various responsibilities, skills, and task required to complete assigned job. According to Cultural Human Resource Council (2009) job analysis is a strategic tool used by personnel manager to gather, synthesize and implement the information available regarding the workforce in the concern (Cultural Human Resource Council, 2009). Job analysis facilitate HR manager in understanding crucial activities and contributions required from the position, help in deciding organizational structure, autonomy, evaluating employee performance and career planning. Two primary outcome of job analysis include job description and job specification(Collingsa Sculliona, 2009). Job Description As stated by Collingsa Sculliona, (2009) job description can be defined as descriptive factual statement that includes contents of the job including duties and responsibilities associated with it. This document facilitate in establishing relation between employee, subordinates and supervisors to monitor their work performances (Collingsa Sculliona, 2009). Below is the job description for debt collection officer in Datapool Pte Ltd. Task To collect debt from various debtors To call for negotiation Managing records Duties Making payment plans Collecting payment Organizing customer files Chasing debtors, negotiating Recording payment received Responsibilities A debt collection officer will be responsible for all debt collection activities Responsible for managing activity through for call, home visits etc. Responsible for coordinating, negotiating, managing, administrating, and monitoring the entire debt recovery process Debt collection officer also need to drive the corporate activity to achieve debt collection target Responsible for documenting and recording information regarding amount collection in IT system immediately for all the collection activity undertaken everyday Will be responsible for resolving conflicts, negotiating, managing complaints, resolving disputes, grievances etc. How JA will be done Job analysis interview is a method that helps in collecting information from incumbents at the position to describe the task, duties and responsibilities of the position planned. To understand the requirements for job analysis interview technique will be used. Interview from top level manager and one person from the same post will be taken. Top management will be able to help in understanding their job expectations from the decided job positing, further person at the same post will help in understanding duties that one needs to execute at the specified job designation. Interview technique help in collecting detailed information regarding duties and responsibilities, whereas observation and other techniques are based on judgment but this technique helps in getting hands on true information regarding job expectations. Job Specification It can be defined as detailed analysis on qualities required performing the task successfully. It includes information on personal, physical, mental, psychological, social characteristics(Ivancevich, 2007). This information helps in conducting preliminary screening during employee selection process. Job specification for selected job category is discussed below; In terms of qualification candidate must possess at least a GCE N level Need to have good interpersonal and communication skill to deal with debtors with persistence Ability to communicate in English / mandarin / Malay languages Job skills required candidate to have strong listening skills to deal with people in dent and collection process; it also require effective negotiation skills to resolve disputes and payment settlement. Need to have strong computer skills and knowledge Employees at this post need to possess skills such as self-motivated, pro-active, enthusiastic, initiative, mature and target driven Job Design Job design is the process used to integrate job requirements, employee skills, rewards and organizational goal in a specific job. It facilitate in understanding key elements associated with job success. There are three style of job design, it includes scientific method, that involve time, motion and fatigue study, aims to standardize task to ensure maximum output in minimum time and cost (Schuler Jackson, 2008). Second is motivational job design that help in enhancing difficulty, reducing standardization by adding skill variety, task identity and significance to the job that help in enhancing psychological satisfaction from the job. Third is mechanism job design that is planned according to task complexity and number. Job design helps in better employee motivation, productivity and retention (Buller McEvoy, 2012). Design for Efficiency It aims to increase task simplification, enrichment and enlargement to ensure high productivity in less time without making employee fatigue. It aims to include industrial engineering principles to structure work in simplest manner to maximize efficiency. For this position, credit control officer is provided full autonomy and power to execute the process of data collection, power to take decisions and make strategies will help in fast data collection process. Design for Motivation Different techniques used for designing motivation among employees include job enrichment, job enlargement, flexi working hours and team work. For this job profile job enlargement is done by adding wide range of job activities to be done by credit collection officer. Employee at this position will be responsible for call debtors, negotiating, planning, visiting for debt collection, recording details, coordinating with supervisor. This task includes a complete process to be done by collection officer. Apart from this, five factors that impact motivational level among employee include skill variety, this job require different skills for accomplishing different tasks; there is presence of complete task identity, huge significance is made by credit collection officer by settling dues to both company and society; there is high degree of autonomy and decision making power given at this position. This job includes coordination with subordinates and other team members(Armstrong, 2008). Design for Mental Capital Different strategies that can be used to simplify total demand for mental capabilities include limiting the amount of information that needs to memorize by adding proper software and IT system that store all data; providing adequate lighting facility. Proper training will be given to employees to understand the job completely, use of computers; data management softwares to filter the information received (Choo Bowley, 2007). Recruitment After deciding on the job demand in the organization, the HR department is responsible for attracting potential candidates for the position. Recruitment is the process that involves various strategies, activities undertaken by organization to attract applications from potential employees for the job. According to Raymond J. Stone (2005) recruitment involves seeking and attracting pool of applicants from candidates who are potential to get selected by the organization for their vacancy. It aims to search potential talent and stimulate them to apply for the job to ensure that organization hire best available talent in the market (Stone, 2005). Various factors impact recruitment process, it includes external and internal factors. Labor market have strong impact on employee availability, in case of high unemployment, there is abundance of labor supply and easy to recruit candidates, where as in Singapore unemployment is very low, therefore organization have to advertise extensively to attract talent pool. Internal factor include organizational policy, availability of internal talent to fill position, its attractiveness. Datapool is a renowned organization in Singapore, it is a subsidiary of the most prominent credit rating company, and therefore strong brand image helps in attracting talent. First step is recruitment planning that involve demand analysis by analyzing number of positions need to be fill and type of applicant required through job analysis. Second step is strategy development that includes different decisions regarding technological sophistication, geographical reach, sources of recruitment etc. Third step is searching through source activation or selling(Brown, 2011). Applications can be attracted using various strategies, internal methods such as selecting from present employee, employee referral, previous applications; it is a cot effective method. External recruitment process include using trade associations for attracting application, advertisements on newspaper, company website, social media, job sites etc. campus recruitment, walk-ins, hiring through third party, consultant, contractors, employee exchange programs etc. Recruitment strategies that will be used for hiring credit control officer in Datapool are as follow; Internal Referral Present employees of the company can really aid the recruitment process by recommending suitable candidates for the position. According to research, internal referral candidates are of high quality as internal employee generally doesnt recommend candidates who cannot perform well. HR can also reward employees for helping company in hiring efficient workforce. In this process, present employees act as an introducer of the company to potential candidate, inform them about job and organizational advantages and requirements (Ivancevich, 2007). Job Vacancy Post on Jobstreet / Jobsdb E-recruitment strategy is a widely use method as it facilitates in recruiting from global market, various geographies in less time and cost. Job portals help in attracting potential talent through advertisements; they also offer additional services of job screening. External recruitment strategy used by Datapool is to advertise their job vacancy on two renowned job searching websites, Jobstreet.com and jobsdb.com; these two online job portals are among largest online employment companies, with huge data. These sites help in attracting talent from different geographical markets such as Malaysia, Singapore, Philippines, Indonesia and Vietnam. Selection Selection is the process of selecting right candidate for the job vacancy from pool of applicants received by the company. It can be defined as the process used to differentiate between various candidates to select the best suitable candidate with highest possibility of success in the job role. Selection process starts with preliminary interview and end with agreement of employment(Nankervis, Compton, Baird, 2008). Stages of Selection Screening Prior to selection screening is conducted by organizations, screening involves segregation of various applications received and dividing them according to minimum criteria required to appear in the interview. These criteria might include minimum education level, work experience, or any other knowledge or skill(Nankervis, Compton, Baird, 2008). Selection process Preliminary Interview First step of selection process is to verify the information provided by applicants, it is done over the phone. Over a telephonic conversation, crucial information regarding candidate qualification, work experiences are collected, reviewed and evaluated. Here a brief information about the company is also provided, it help in eliminating the misfit candidates, which help in saving interview time and cost to the company. Selection Test Different types of tests are designed by the organization to evaluate technical, theoretical, skills and psychological potential of candidate. It facilitate in understanding their ability, aptitude and personality. It can also be defined as a standardized method used to evaluate all candidates on common ground. These test help in selecting candidates who fit to the job requirements, possess key skills required to execute the task (Mathis Jackson, 2002). Personality tests which help in measuring employee motivation in given working environment, different test include the Thematic Apperception Test, California Psychological Inventory etc.; however personality test needs to be combine with other ability test to get valid results. This job also require aptitude test as it helps in gauging technical knowledge of the candidate, it will evaluate accounting knowledge, debt management system etc. by candidates. Different tools that can be used for result analysis include predictive validity, ranking, average test score etc. Interview After clearing the test, candidates are called for interview. It involves formal in-depth conversation between the interviewer and interviewee. It can be of various types such as one to one interview, panel interview, situational interview, structured interview, stress interview etc. This strategy help in collecting in-depth information regarding candidate, collecting additional information, it help in providing detail analysis on any factor that company would like to stress upon while employee selection. However, there are drawbacks also associated with this strategy, results are based on general opinion of the interviewer, generally it happens that different interviewer give different score to candidates (Millmore, Lewis, Saunders, Thornhill, Morrow, 2007). Reference and Background Check After selecting candidate referral check is conducted to get an insight about the applicant from people who have previous experience with them. After this selection decision is taken, to accept or reject the applicant. If selected, candidates generally need to undergo basic medical test and paper formalities. Job offer Final step is to give letter of appointment to selected candidates, it include information on date of joining, followed by singing of contract of employment. Conclusion Above stated job analysis, recruitment and selection plan will help the company in hiring best talent and assigning right job to the right candidate. Such action might take some more time at initial stage but it will ensure long term employee retention, higher productivity, efficiency, motivation to employee and finally a better return on investment. These strategies will ensure that company design an effective work plan, recruit employees in cost effective manner and conduct selection process that evaluates all required knowledge and skill among candidates. Instead of quickly hiring a candidate, it is better to analyze, evaluate and select the best. Bibliography Armstrong, M. (2008). A handbook of human resource management practice. Great Britain: Kogan Page. Brown, J. N. (2011). The Complete Guide to Recruitment: A Step-by-step Approach to Selecting Assessing and Hiring the Right People. London: Kogan Page Publishers,. Buller, P., McEvoy, G. (2012). Strategy, human resource management and performance: Sharpening line of sight. Human Resource Management Review, 22, 43-56. Choo, S., Bowley, C. (2007). Using training and development to affect job satisfaction within franchising. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 14(2), 339 - 352. Collingsa, D. G., Sculliona, H. (2009). Global staffing: a review and thematic research agenda. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 20(2). Cultural Human Resource Council. (2009). Human Resource Management . Canada: Cultural Human Resource Council. dpgroup.com. (t.thn.). About Dp. Dipetik September 23, 2016, dari 2015: https://www.dpgroup.com.sg/ Grundy, T., Brown, L. (2003). Value Based Human Resource Strategy. Burlington: Elsevier Butterworth Heinamann publishing. Ivancevich. (2007). 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